Female genital mutilation or cutting (FGM/C) is a traditional practice that affects a significant portion of women in sub-Saharan Africa, Egypt, areas of the Middle East and some countries in Asia. While clinical and epidemiological studies have established a close association between inflammation and carcinogenesis, particularly in epithelial cancers, the relationship between FGM/C and cervical cancer is not well known. We performed a secondary analysis using combined data from six research studies conducted in and around Dakar, Senegal from 1994 to 2012. Study subjects included both asymptomatic women who presented to outpatient clinics but were screened for cervical cancer, and women with cancer symptoms who were referred for cervical cancer treatment. We used unconditional logistic regression to estimate adjusted pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for associations between FGM/C and (1) Invasive cervical cancer (ICC) and (2) noninvasive cervical abnormalities. After adjusting for confounding, women with ICC were 2.50 times more likely to have undergone FGM/C than women without cervical abnormalities (95% CI, 1.28-4.91). Restricting to HPV-positive women increased the strength of the association (OR = 4.23; 95% CI 1.73-10.32). No significant associations between FGM/C and noninvasive cervical abnormalities were observed, except in commercial sex workers with FGM/C (OR = 2.01; 95% CI 1.19-3.40). The potential increased risk for ICC suggested by our study warrants further examination. Study results may impact cancer prevention efforts in populations where FGM/C is practiced and draw awareness to the additional health risks associated with FGM/C.

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Introduction: During the 19 th and 20 th centuries, the Wars were the cause of many amputations among military and civilians. Despite the absence of armed conflict in our country, we notice a high frequency of major amputations in our activity. Objective: The aim of this work was to study the causes of major amputations observed in our practice in order to develop preventive measures. Materials and Method: This was a descriptive retrospective study over a 6-year period, from January 1, 2008 to December 31, 2014. The following parameters were studied: epidemiological aspects (age according to WHO age groups and gender of patients), type of amputation, level of amputation and causes. Results: Two hundred and fifty-two patients were included. The distribution of amputations by cause and age group showed two distinct entities: The forms of the young subject where there was a predominance of tumour and traumatic causes; and the forms of the elderly person caused by vascular infections and conditions. Infections were the main cause of amputation in both sexes. Conclusion: The causes of major limb amputations vary according to age and limb: tumor and trauma in young people and for the upper limb, infectious and vascular in the elderly and for the lower limb.

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