Titanium dioxide nanoparticles are emerging as a biocompatible nanomaterial with multipurpose bioactivities. In this study, titanium dioxide (TiO) nanoparticles were effectively synthesized using the aqueous leaf extracts of Parthenium hysterophorus prepared by microwave irradiation. TiO nanoparticles were fabricated by treating the P. hysterophorus leaf extracts with the TiO solution. Biologically active compounds such as alcohols, phenols, alkanes, and fluoroalkanes were involved in bioreduction of TiO into TiO. The formation of green-engineered TiO nanoparticles was confirmed by UV-vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy and further characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies. UV-vis spectroscopy analysis showed maximum absorbance at 420 nm due to surface plasmon resonance of synthesized TiO NPs. FTIR spectrum of the engineered TiO NPs showed the presence of bioactive compounds in the leaf extract, which acted as capping and reducing agents. FESEM exhibited an average size of 20-50 nm and a spherical shape of TiO NPs. EDX analysis indicated the presence of TiO NPs by observing the peaks of titanium ions. XRD results pointed out the crystalline nature of engineered TiO NPs. The larvicidal activity of TiO NPs was studied on fourth instar larvae of dengue, Zika virus, and filariasis mosquito vectors Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus. Antimicrobial efficacy of TiO NPs was assessed on clinically isolated pathogens Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus vulgaris, and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Besides, we found that TiO NPs are able to quickly degrade the industrially harmful pigments methylene blue, methyl orange, crystal violet, and alizarin red dyes under sunlight illumination. Overall, this novel, simple, and eco-friendly approach can be of interest for the control of vector-borne diseases, as well as to formulate new bactericidal agents and to efficiently degrade dye solutions in the polluted areas.

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Pigeonpea seeds were primed with CaCl2 (2%), ZnSO4 (100 ppm), KH2PO4 (1%), KCl (1%), MnSO4 (100 ppm) and water. Primed seeds of ZnSO4 showed increased germination (92 %), drymatter production (0.399 mg seedlings-10) and least values for electrical conductivity (0.110 dSm-1), leachate aminoacid (37.82 mg g-1) and lipid peroxidation (0.137 OD). The best priming treatment was taken to field trial. The plant bioregulators viz., GA3 (200 ppm), NAA (200 ppm), miraculan 2.0 ml/l, cytozyme 2.0 ml/l, CCC 200 ppm and diammonium phosphate 2% were sprayed at 65 days and 80 days after sowing. Under field trial seed priming with ZnSO4 (100 ppm) and foliar spray with CCC 200 ppm reduced the plant height (131 cm), produced more number of branches (18), flowers (993), pods (527), highest seed yield (1520 kg/ha) and 100 seed weight (8.77 g) in kharif season.

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Many Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols have been specifically designed for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) where energy awareness is an essential design issue. Sensor nodes sense environmental conditions, such as light, temperature, sound, or vibration etc., and transmit the sensed data to the sink node through multi-hop communication links. Energy awareness is one of the most important issues in WSNs. The radio transceiver is the most power consuming component in a sensor node. Transceiver power consumption is varying with different modes like transmit, receive, listen, and sleep. By using MAC protocol we can able to switch the radio interface into different modes. A new approach of an Energy Aware MAC (EA-MAC) algorithm is proposed in this paper. Also, we compare EA-MAC (proposed approach) with S-MAC (Sensor MAC) and ML-MAC (Multi-Layer MAC) based on Energy consumption, throughput and average endto-end delay. From this comparison study, we conclude that EA-MAC algorithm is better in the case of consumed less energy and sending more data than S-MAC and ML-MAC.