The problem of food waste and food loss covers the entire food chain, and its scale varies depending on the part of the chain. The aim of the study was to identify a problem and indicate places where goods redistribution is possible at the food transportation stage. The article provides a detailed breakdown of the causes of losses at the transportation stage. The research material was a large dairy cooperative in Poland. It was found that it was possible to recover 25.08 tons of dairy products. Taking into account the total weight of the cargo carried by all transport units during the analyzed period, this amount is approximately 0.5% of the full load capacity of all transport units in a two-year period. The research conducted shows that losses during the transportation of finished goods are generated, therefore it is possible to recover part of the food during the loading, transportation and unloading stages. The present practice involves an unconditional disposal of all products, which for various reasons are not delivered to the customer at the appropriate time and in proper commercial quality (accidents, collisions). The disposal of ready, often packed, completely safe products is a highly undesirable phenomenon, especially in the context of the poverty experienced by part of society.

This study aimed to analyze the extent of co-medication and to assess potential interactions between antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) and other drugs among patients with epilepsy. Methods: We studied 663 consecutive patients with epilepsy seen in tertiary outpatient clinic. Data on epilepsy and current treatment with AED(s) were collected from structured interview and medical records. Other medications used regularly were classified according to the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical classification system. Possible drug interactions between AEDs and other drugs were analyzed with the use of IBM Micromedex® database. Results: Studied sample included 395 women; 54.5% of subjects were on monotherapy. Enzyme-inducing AED(s) were used by 127 patients (19.2%). Among 265 patients who used medications other than AEDs (40.0% of all subjects), potential major and moderate interactions between AEDs and other drugs were found in 80 patients (30.1%). Most prevalent major interactions included: ethinylestradiol/estradiol-valproate/oxcarbazepine/ carbamazepine, sertraline-carbamazepine, and simvastatin-carbamazepine. A total number of currently used medications (OR = 1.26 [1.07-1.48] per one additional medication; p = 0.005) and the use of enzyme-inducing AEDs (OR = 2.78 [1.51-5.12]; p < 0.001) were independent predictors of interactions between AEDs and other drugs. Conclusions: Co-medication is common (40%) among patients with epilepsy. Potential major or moderate interactions between AED(s) and other drugs are noted in 30.1% of patients exposed to at least one medication other than AED (12.1% of the entire cohort). The risk of potential interactions increases with the number of medications used chronically and with the use of hepatic enzyme-inducing AEDs.

Abstract:Managing product distribution processes in the diary chain is an essential area of product management processes, and it involves the possibility of reducing the losses of such products. Th us far, the available literature has been void of information on the relations between these occurrences, which prompted the authors to undertake an analysis of the aforementioned processes as well as to conduct an empirical investigation. Th e purpose of the investigation was an analysis of the conditions for the distribution of the products and the methods of managing dairy products at a selected distribution centre, using the loss risk analysis and the Ishikawa Diagram, in order to identify the locations and volumes of losses concerning these products. Th e investigation was conducted at a specialised dairy centre in the vicinity of Siedlce, in 2013 and 2014. Internal documents concerning controlling the conditions for the transport processes were subjected to a detailed analysis. On this basis, an analysis of quality loss risk exposures in the transport and storage of dairy products at the distribution centre were carried out. Th e losses of dairy products were assessed at the level of 0.64% of the volume of the distributed products. However, the need to reduce losses in the distribution processes of dairy products requires that new product management procedures be developed in order to ensure the quality of these products.

Strata, zwana także marnotrawstwem (w jęz. japońskim „muda”), definiowana jest jako aktywność pochłaniająca zasoby bez tworzenia wartości dla klienta. Straty zajmują wiele czasu w procesie produkcyjnym. W związku z tym należy szukać rozwiązań eliminujących marnotrawstwo, które nie przynosi zysków oraz skupić się na czynnościach dodających wartość. Celem pracy była próba zastosowania klasyfikacji „muda” do analizy strat i marnotrawstwa produktów mleczarskich na etapie ich dystrybucji i transportu. Klasyfikacja "muda" wyróżnia osiem podstawowych kategorii (nadprodukcja, zapasy, braki, ruch, przetwarzanie, oczekiwanie, transport oraz niewykorzystanie potencjału ludzkiego), w kontekście których rozpatrzono problem marnotrawstwa procesów oraz zasobów. Opracowania dokonano na podstawie przeglądu dostępnej literatury z zakresu marnotrawstwa żywności na etapie transportu wyrobów mleczarskich. Na podstawie analizy wykazano, że na etapie transportu produktów mleczarskich występują problemy ujęte we wszystkich kategoriach klasyfikacji „muda”. Mimo stosowania obowiązujących zasad podczas transportu produktów mleczarskich w pewnych obszarach nadal brakuje działań, które przyczynią się do zmniejszenia skali strat i marnotrawstwa żywności na tym etapie. Największa masa strat powstająca podczas transportu wyrobów mleczarskich związana jest z koniecznością zachowania łańcucha chłodniczego w czasie całego transportu, szczególnie produktów z krótkim terminem przydatności do spożycia. Przyczyną niedostarczania produktów do odbiorcy w odpowiednim czasie z zachowaniem ciągłości łańcucha chłodniczego są uszkodzenia urządzeń chłodniczych oraz jednostek transportowych. Istotny czynnik przy powstawaniu strat stanowią także błędy popełniane przez ludzi od momentu załadunku do momentu wyładunku produktów u odbiorcy, które przyczyniają się do powstawania uszkodzeń mechanicznych opakowań. Odnalezienie i wyeliminowanie wszystkich strat klasyfikowanych według kategorii “muda” pozwoli na usprawnienie procesów oraz zmniejszenie ponoszonych niepotrzebnie kosztów na poszczególnych etapach transportu produktów mleczarskich.

No abstract