Highlights. The most important goal of atrial fibrillation surgical treatment is to eliminate the arrhythmia in order to restore atrial contractility and improve their transport function. Our study showed positive dynamics of atrial contractility and remodeling after the maze-3 procedure against the background of a regular heart rhythm restoration. The study of sinus rhythm predictors maintenance and recovery of atrial transport function will help to make patient selection more personified.Aim. Evaluation of atrial contractility and remodeling after the maze-3 procedure with combined interventions on the heart.Methods. The analysis of 217 combined surgical interventions was carried out, where a maze-3 was used to treat atrial fibrillation (AF). The operations were performed in our center from 2012 to 2016. Key points of the study: rhythm after surgery and echocardiographic control in the long-term follow-up in order to determine the dynamics of atrial contractility and volumes. The average follow-up period was 47 (1–100) months. 40 (18.4%) patients had paroxysmal, 38 (17.5%) persistent, 139 (64.1%) long-term persistent AF. The mean AF duration before surgery was 27.4 months (1–200 months). The indications for the maze-3 procedure were: ineffectiveness of antiarrhythmic therapy, the need to perform combined cardiac procedures. We used standard statistical research methods with one – and multivariate logistic regression.Results. In the long-term follow-up, sinus rhythm (SR) persists in 79% of patients. In the long-term follow-up, in this group of patients, the left atrial contractility was restored from 76% to 91%, while the biatrial contractility increased from 82 to 96%. Shorter AF duration before surgery was a positive predictor of SR recovery and atrial contractility (p = 0.005), while pulmonary artery pressure and patient age negatively affected these indicators (p = 0.041 and p = 0.038, respectively). The presence of SR early after surgery was not a significant predictor of AF freedom. At the same time, according to the long-term observations, patients maintaining a regular atrial heart rate had positive indicators of atrial systolic function restoration and a positive dynamics of a decrease in atrial volumes.Conclusion. SR and restoration of left atrial contractility are two interrelated goals of the maze procedure. The negative factors associated with the failure of surgical treatment of AF are increased pressure in the pulmonary artery, long-term AF before surgery, and the age of patients.
Цель исследования -провести ретроспективный анализ причин и частоты имплантации электрокардиостимуляторов (ЭКС) после различных вариантов хирургического лечения фибрилляции предсердий (ФП) при сочетанных операциях на сердце. Материал и методы. С января 2013 по февраль 2021 г. прооперированы 558 пациентов по 4 вариантам хирургического лечения ФП и сочетанных вмешательств на сердце: 1 -классический вариант процедуры «лабиринт» III (cut-and-sew, БА-«лабиринт»), 2 -левопредсердная часть «лабиринт» III (ЛП-«лабиринт»), 3 -«лабиринт» IV (радиочастотная абляция, РЧА), 4 -«криолабиринт» в модификации МакКарти (группа исходно исключена из анализа ввиду отсутствия отдаленных результатов, так как данный вариант выполняется с 2020 г.). В качестве сочетанных процедур выполняли шунтирование коронарных артерий и/или клапанную коррекцию. Средняя продолжительность отдаленного наблюдения составила 33,7±24,9 мес [32 (1-97) мес]. Оценку ритма проводили по результатам 24-часового холтеровского мониторирования. Показаниями к имплантации ЭКС был синдром слабости синусового узла (частота сердечных сокращений <60 уд/мин без адекватной адаптации к физической активности) и некоторые нарушения предсердно-желудочковой проводимости. Результаты. После анализа 3 групп группа РЧА была исключена из-за значимых различий с первыми двумя группами. После псевдорандомизации выполнен анализ групп БА-и ЛП-«лабиринта». В результате проведенного анализа методом логистической регрессии были определены 2 фактора, влияющие на частоту имплантаций ЭКС, -это возраст [отношение шансов (ОШ) = 1,050; 95% доверительный интервал (ДИ) 1,014-1,088; р=0,007] и длительность ФП (ОШ=1,007; 95% ДИ 1,002-1,012; р=0,004). Частота имплантаций ЭКС в отдаленные сроки наблюдения достоверно не отличалась между группами (28,3 против 20,6%; р=0,059), однако отличался средний срок имплантации ЭКС (25,5 против 7,1 мес; р<0,001). Заключение. Всего имплантировано 110 ЭКС в группах сравнения. У 82,7% пациентов имеется эффективная предсердная стимуляция (режимы AAIR и DDDR). В 6 (5,4%) случаях выполнена замена ранее имплантированного стимулятора VVI на DDDR в связи с удерживанием синоатриального ритма после процедуры «лабиринт». Наличие ЭКС не связано с увеличением частоты случаев ранних и поздних осложнений или с возвратом предсердных нарушений ритма.Финансирование. Исследование не имело спонсорской поддержки.Конфликт интересов. Авторы заявляют об отсутствии конфликта интересов.
Background. The maze procedure aims to eliminate atrial fibrillation (AF), restore sinus rhythm (SR) and atrial contractility. However, conflicting evidence exists regarding the extent of atrial remodelling in various techniques, which directed the focus of our study.Objectives. An atrial remodelling comparison after a cut-and-sew maze-3 surgery and its biatrial cryo-maze modification using 2D echocardiography.Methods. The study is a retrospective uncontrolled interrupted two-cohort time-series trial, with patients selected by pseudorandomisation according to a normal sinus rhythm-maintaining AF surgery method. A total of 217 maze-3 and 113 cryo-maze combined cardiac interventions have been performed within 2012–2021. The interventions included valve repair, coronary artery bypass grafting and their combination. Due to differences in long-term follow-up, the cohorts were pseudorandomised to select by 50 restored vs. maintained sinus rhythm patients using a nearest-neighbour classifier coupled with logistic regression. Mean follow-up period was 6 (1–17) months. The patients had paroxysmal, persistent and longstanding persistent AF. Echocardiography values prior to and long-term post-surgery were further analysed to determine the atrial remodelling dynamics. Results. A statistically significant atrial volume reduction is evident in a long-term within-cohort comparison. Meanwhile, a statistically more pronounced remodelling is observed between cohorts after maze-3 procedure. The cohort 1 vs. 2 estimates are: mean left atrial volume 120/125 mL3 (p = 0.011), left atrial size in apical view 52/53 mm (p = 0.023), right atrial size in apical view 58/62 mm (p = 0.004), right atrial size in parasternal short axis view 43/45 mm (p = 0.004), right atrial area in apical 4-chamber view 25/28 cm2 (p = 0.007). Maintained atrial pacing patients had positive systolic atrial function recovery rates (E/A ratio increased to average 1.5) in the long-term in both comparison cohorts.Conclusion. Remodelling is biatrial after all the maze procedures compared. A more pronounced atrial volume reduction occurs after maze-3 surgery. The presence of sinus rhythm is facilitated by cardiac conduction leading to mechanical and electrical remodelling of the atria.
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