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The increasing availability of nucleotide sequence data from plant pathogenic fruit tree viruses led recently to the development of nucleic‐acid‐based detection methods as a routine tool for diagnosis. We present a simplification and modification of the previously described test procedure for the two closteroviruses Little cherry virus 1 and 2 (LChV‐1, LChV‐2). For LChV‐1, a single tube reaction reduced unspecific amplification that led to false positive results. For the detection of LChV‐2, a primer set was developed for the local isolates of the area ‘Altes Land’ in the northern part of Germany. To determine the optimal sampling conditions for a reliable detection of both viruses different types of tissue (bark, bud, leaves) were tested in monthly intervals.

Paraquat and diquat undergo redox cycling mediated by xanthine oxidase in the NADH-dependent manner. In these processes, the rates of NADH oxidation and superoxide formation are increased almost 10-fold. The addition of heparin can substantially inhibit these processes. A protective role of heparin against oxygen radicals formation can be rationalized in terms of its ability to bind paraquat or diquat. The binding process has been investigated by means of the pulse radiolysis technique. Biological consequences of the binding processes are discussed.

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