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Energy demands are increasing day by day because almost all equipment that supports human activities uses electrical energy. CIGS solar cells are an energy source that is environmentally friendly, renewable, and has high efficiency. Selenium is one of the materials used in making solar cell CIGS. However, researchers often find the problems of this material hard to dissolve compared to other materials (copper, indium, and gallium). Therefore, in this study, pure selenium will be synthesized to produce selenium dioxide (SeO2) as a material for making solar cell CIGS with electrodeposition. The XRF  showed the resulting selenium dioxide of 99.077%, SEM-EDX showed At% selenium from SeO2 greater than pure selenium, XRD showed CIGS orientation on (211) and (105).

A heterostructure system based on zinc oxide (ZnO), Gold (Au), and polyaniline polymer (PANI) nanoparticles has been developed to provide an efficient and effective photoelectrochemical energy conversion system. The ZnO/Au/PANI heterostructure system promotes Au as a mediator for electron transfer from the PANI conduction band to the ZnO valence band. A state of electrons being excited has resulted in the photons' charge transfer, which accumulated in ZnO and the holes concentrated in PANI. In this study, we investigated the effect of the deposition time of Au on ZnO/Au/PANI film on photoelectrochemical (PEC) performance. ZnO/Au/PANI films were prepared using spin-coating and DC-Sputtering methods for Au deposition. We found that the effect deposition time of Au in the ZnO/Au/PANI film heterostructural system shows good reduction-oxidation and photocatalytic activity due to the vibration of O-H bond groups in the film.

Hematite (Fe2O3) is one of the abundant magnetic materials in nature. Hematite has good absorption ability in the region visible light and good electrochemical stability, which make this material is potential as photoanode for photoelectrochemical (PEC) cells. However, Fe2O3 has some disadvantages such as short hole diffusion length and low hole mobility. Therfore, it is necessarily to combine Fe2O3 with photocatalyst material to improve photoelectrochemical performances. ZnO is ones of photocatalist material with good electron mobility, wide band gaps, cheap and are easily fabricated. The aim of this study is to investigate the performance of bilayer Fe2O3/ZnO as photoanode for photoelectrochemical cell. The bilayer Fe2O3/ZnO was prepared by spin-coating techniques and doctor blade methods. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffarction, and Scanning Electron Microscopy. The performance of photoelectrochemical cell was investigated by Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) under light illumination. The result indicate that bilayer Fe2O3/ZnO has good photoelectrochemical properties.