RESUMELes ignames sont d'importantes plantes alimentaires à multiplication végétative dont l'amélioration et la création variétale dépendent, comme chez les végétaux, de la maîtrise de la biologie de la reproduction sexuée. L'état des lieux des cultivars florifères des ignames africaines Dioscorea cayenensis -D. rotundata a été réalisé à Djidja et à Ouaké, deux communes productrices du Bénin par une approche participative, à travers des focus-groups, des enquêtes individuelles et des visites de champs. Ainsi, à Ouaké, vingt quatre (24) cultivars ont été recensés, dont dix-neuf (19), soit 79% florifères avec 74% de mâles, 21% de femelles et 5% sont monoïques. Le taux de fructification est d'environ 15 fruits par pied. A Djidja, vingt-six (26) cultivars sont recensés dont vingt-trois (23), soit 88% florifères avec 57% de femelle et 43% de mâle. Le taux de fructification à Djidja est élevé 102 fruits par pied en moyenne. Le taux de floraison femelle et le taux de fructification sont beaucoup plus importants à Djidja qu'à Ouaké. Dans le but de l'amélioration et de la création variétale, le site de Djidja semble être plus propice à l'utilisation de la reproduction sexuée chez les ignames cultivées que celui de Ouaké.
Cultivated yam (D. rotundata) is a staple tuber crop in West Africa whose sexual reproduction control remains largely unknown despite its importance for plant breeding programs. In this paper, we compared self-pollination, intracultivar cross-pollination and intercultivar cross-pollination in three monoecious cultivars (Amoula, Heapala and Yassi). Results showed that pollen viability (49%) and stigma receptivity (40%) were similar in monoecious and dioecious plants, suggesting that autogamy could occur in monoecious plants. However, fruit and seed sets were significantly lower after self-pollination compared to cross-pollination. Overall, autogamy reached 11% and pollen lability was almost zero (<1%). The low percentage of pollen grains germinating on the stigma (37%) and pollen tubes reaching the ovules (25%) after self-pollination partly explained the low seed set. Strong inbreeding depression was observed after self-pollination and almost all fruits and about 75% of the seeds resulting from self-pollination showed malformations. Seed germination was also 20 times lower after self-pollination compared to cross-pollination. Sexual reproduction remained low in D. rotundata even after cross-pollination as fruit and seed set did not exceed 18% and 13% respectively. Moreover, comparison between intracultivar cross-pollination and self-pollination revealed intravarietal genetic diversity inside the analyzed yam cultivars. Overall, our results showed that D. rotundata has a very low tolerance to autogamy in monoecious cultivars and has developed pre- and postzygotic mechanisms to limit selfing.
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