Evaluation of TTI (transfusion transmitted infections) are essential for assessing the safety of blood supply and monitoring the efficacy of currently employed screening procedures. Objective: To assess the prevalence of HBV, HCV and HIV among replacement donors and voluntary donor in association with the Kuppuswamy’s socioeconomic status. Material and Methods: A retrospective analysis of total 10569 blood donors from Jan2014 to Sep 2015 was conducted at a blood bank in a tertiary care hospital in North India, Teerthanker Mahaveer Medcial college and research centre. Donor with hemoglobin (Hb) less than 12.5gm% or known seropositive for TTI were deferred and excluded from the study group. The hemoglobin level was measured by copper sulphate method, samples were screened for: a) HIV-1 and p antigen ELISA kits from Mitra& Co. ltd , for anti HIV I and II 4th generation Microlisa- HIV Ag and Ab. b) HBsAg- Hepalisac) anti HCV d) Malaria Age) Syphilis. Observation: The prevalence of HBV and HCV was noted to be higher among replacement donors as compared to voluntary donors, while in HIV, the prevalence was noted only in voluntary donors. Total 10,569 blood donors were grouped as per the KSESS, maximum donors in lower middle class III-5789.

Background: Skin conditions have multiple causes. Natural phages in the Ganga River have bactericidal qualities against a number of bacterial infections, which help resolve skin conditions. Materials and Methods: We collected water from upper reaches of the Ganga River where the number of isolates of phages was more than 200 according to a study of the National Environmental Engineering Institute, Nagpur. The water was collected in May 2020 before the onset of monsoons and stored with sediments so that the phages adsorbed in the sediments cleaned up the overlaying column of water of all coliforms. We supplied the water by post to a number of volunteers who took the water through oral, topical or nasal route as per their convenience. Thirty-nine of the 52 volunteers provided data by telephone on their skin conditions on which this study is based. Results: The results show that an improvement of 1.7 on Likert Scale of 1-10 is obtained on skin conditions as per assessment of the volunteers after a treatment of 100 days. Further improvement of 1.0 on Likert Scale was reported after 85 days of stoppage of treatment. Conclusions: Natural phages of Ganga river could provide an inexpensive treatment not only for skin conditions but other comorbidities as well because skin conditions have multiple causes and phages of Ganga water may work at multiple levels.

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus refers to a group of common metabolic disorders. Recently, emerging evidence has suggested a role for suboptimal vitamin D status in the etiology of T2DM. This study aimed to determine the association between Vitamin -D deficiency and type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in patients of tertiary care centre, Jaipur. Method and material: This was a hospital based descriptive type of observational study done in Department of Medicine, of a tertiary care hospital in Jaipur, Rajasthan. This study included 100 cases and 100 control. Result: There were 55% males and 45% female among study participants. Out of 200 participants, 160 (80%) subjects are vit D deficient in which 84 (42%) are cases and 76 (38%) are controls, means cases are more deficient for vit D in comparision to controls. Conclusion: Though vitamin D deficiency is prevalent in T2DM and non-diabetic control subjects, its relationship in glycation control or insulin resistance in T2DM subjects could not be confirmed in our study population. This is potentially an important finding for public health, demonstrating that improvement in vitamin D status is one of the factors responsible for better health of the individuals.