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Social network sites (SNSs) are the most essential communication tools among students, especially at higher levels of education. The purpose of this study is to identify and examine the factors that have an impact on the academic performance of students by using SNSs. The suggested factors that affect student performance are interactions with colleagues, interactions with instructors, engagement, and cooperative learning. The primary research objective of this case study is to determine which factors affect students' academic performance while using SNSs. In this study, i.e., quantitative research, a survey was conducted to analyze the factors associated with student's performance, among undergraduate and graduate students during the 2016/2017 academic session. The survey data were analyzed using descriptive statistical correlations and regression models. The findings indicate that SNSs have a significant positive effect on interactions with colleagues, interactions with instructors, engagement, cooperative learning, and student performance. In addition, interactions with colleagues and instructors while using SNSs simplify the communication between students and instructors, which leads to an enhancement of cooperation, knowledge sharing, and improvement and development of the learning process and also provides many learning chances.

This study examines the impact of three macro uncertainty factors: economic policy uncertainty (EPU), political instability (PIS), and cultural uncertainty avoidance (UA), on corporate environmental, social and governance (ESG) performance and carbon emission reduction targets. Additionally, we examine whether these macro factors are affected by the profitability of the company. Using an unbalanced sample of companies located in the USA, China, and the UK during the period 2013–2020, results show that during times of economic uncertainty, companies are more likely to engage in ESG activities, including establishing emission reduction targets. Companies in countries with lower levels of political stability (PS) exhibit greater levels of social and environmental engagements, and companies operating in societies that tolerate risks, including the risk associated with climate change, are more likely to have better ESG performance and be committed to emission reduction targets. The results also suggest that profitable companies are more likely to deal with uncertain environments successfully, as they have the required resources to invest in ESG. The study suggests several practical implications for managers and policymakers.