There is little information available on the bacteriological contamination of Cheattle's forceps during routine use and the effects of antiseptic solutions. This study was conducted to detect infection in various antiseptics and disinfections in-use used for keeping the Cheattle's forceps in surgical wards. An aqueous solution of 0.5 and 1 % cetrimide/chlorhexidine, 2.4 % glutaraldehyde, 5 % povidone iodine, and 10 % chloroxylenol were compared using the normal saline as control. The samples from each bottle were sent for culture on the 3rd, 5th, and 7th day. All the culture reports were analyzed and statistically compared. A total of 2,160 samples were sent for culture from solutions including control over a period of 7 days. A total of 360 samples were sent for culture from each antiseptic solution. Out of 2,160 samples, 240 (11.11 %) were positive over a period of 7 days for contamination with microbial organisms. The most common organism isolated was Pseudomonas present in 140 samples followed by E. coli in 71 samples. S. aureus was present in seven samples, bacillus in ten samples, and Coaglase -ve Streptococcus and Klebsiella in six samples each. Number of positive culture consistently increased in normal saline and cetrimide/chlorhexidine, but povidone iodine, chloroxylenol, and glutaraldehyde did not show any positive culture on the 3rd day. Povidone iodine and glutaraldehyde showed positive culture on the 5th and 7th day, respectively., but they were statistically insignificant. On the 7th day, glutaraldehyde was the only solution which did not show any positive culture. We strongly recommend that the Cheattle's forceps should be kept in a bottle containing glutaraldehyde or chloroxylenol.

Background: Haemodynamic changes and post-operative analgesia is vital to maintain during general anaesthesia to conduct mild to moderate surgery. Objective: To evaluate the effect of oxycodone on physiologic changes following extubation and pain management after surgery. Methods: As the sole opioid administered to induce and maintain general anesthesia, intravenous oxycodone was the sole opioid used in this prospective, observational, descriptive study. As well as recording the number of extubation times and adverse events, we observed all of these patients to see if oxycodone alone was sufficient to provide adequate intraoperative and postoperative analgesia. Results: A total oxycodone dose of 0.35 ± 0.06 mg/kg was used for induction and 32.4 ± 3.21 mg/kg for maintenance of general anaesthesia. The dose was found to effectively maintain haemodynamic stability during surgery and good postoperative analgesia. A large number of patients took Oxycodone, resulting in deep sedation (five of the patients had sedation scores ≥4) and respiratory depression, as well as long recovery times in the post-anaesthetic care unit. The extubation time (18.5 ± 2.6 min) increased with increasing oxycodone doses. Conclusion:For minor/moderate surgeries, oxycodone may be the only opioid used. Due to its deep sedation effect, care should be taken.

Background:Epidural anesthesia has been well established as a safe and effective technique not only for perioperative anesthesia but also for postoperative analgesia. Various adjuvants have been added to local anesthetic agent in an effort to prolong this duration.Aims:The aim of this study was to compare and evaluate the anesthesia and analgesic property of ropivacaine to its combination with clonidine for lower limb orthopedic surgery under epidural.Materials and Methods:In a prospective, randomized, double-blind study, eighty adult patients undergoing lower limb surgeries received either 0.75% ropivacaine or 75 μg clonidine with 0.75% ropivacaine through epidural route. Patients were compared for hemodynamic variability, quality of motor and sensory block, intra- and post-operative analgesia, and the side effects associated.Statistical Analysis:Data analysis was done by Student's paired t-test, Chi-square test, and Mann–Whitney test. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results:The time taken for onset of the motor as well as the sensory block was significantly shorter in ropivacaine with clonidine group as compared to ropivacaine alone group. Mean duration of analgesia was significantly higher in patients who received clonidine as an adjunct (P < 0.001). There was no significant difference observed in the incidence of hemodynamic changes or side effects.Conclusion:The study demonstrated that use of clonidine as an adjuvant to ropivacaine through epidural route provides a hemodynamically stable, faster, and prolonged epidural block and a longer analgesic effect as compared to ropivacaine alone.

Context:The continued success of regional anesthetic techniques can be credited due to improved local anesthetic drugs, with lower toxicities and longer duration of action, but still many efforts are being done to increase the duration of the block and postoperative analgesia. Therefore, use of adjuvant drugs for anesthesia is intended to prolong analgesia and preventing deleterious clinical effects of local anesthetics.Aims:The present study is designed to evaluate effects of intrathecal hyperbaric bupivacaine versus hyperbaric bupivacaine with low dose clonidine on the onset and level of sensory and motor block, the intensity of motor blockade, and time of analgesia required in the postoperative period.Settings and Design:Study area were our operation theater and postanesthesia care unit of Department of Anesthesiology, this was a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, and double-blind study for a period of 1 year comprising of 60 patients.Materials and Methods:Patients were randomly allocated into two groups: Group 1 (S) (n = 30): Patients received intrathecal hyperbaric bupivacaine 12.5 mg with normal saline 0.5 ml and Group 2 (C) (n = 30): Patients received intrathecal hyperbaric bupivacaine 12.5 mg with 1 μg/kg clonidine (approximated to 0.5 ml with normal saline).Statistical Analysis:Two groups were compared by Student's t-test, Chi-square test; ANOVA and significance of mean difference bet were done by Newman–Keuls test.Results and Conclusion:Duration of analgesia was prolonged in Group C (363.07 ± 166.30 min) patients compared to Group S patients (226.95 ± 119 min) and they also required less top up analgesic in the postoperative period.