Oxidative stress (OS) is a situation that occurs as a result of un-equilibrium between reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and the antioxidant defence system. 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), an oxidized form of deoxyguanosine, is found in higher levels in aging oocytes. In this cross-sectional study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of 8-OHdG on the intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Follicular fluid (FF) samples were taken after removing the oocyte for later analysis of 8-OHdG. The couples participants were categorized according to the cause of subfertility into three groups (female factor, malefactor, and unexplained infertility). Further division according to pregnancy state was done to evaluate the precise role of 8-OHdG on pregnancy state and ICSI outcome. Result : This study showed that the 8-OHdG levels significantly higher in non-pregnant women (p < 0.05). Correlation study showed that 8-OHdG level in follicular fluid is negatively correlating with the number of retrieved oocytes, metaphase two oocytes (MII), fertilized oocytes (2PN = two pronuclei), cleaved zygotes, good quality embryos, and the difference was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The study revealed that the 8-OHdG level in follicular fluid negatively influences ICSI outcome and it is higher in non-pregnant women.

It has been reported that AFB1 is related to renal adverse effects, specially with Uncertain cause chronic kidney disease. It is a phrase that has been employed to refer to CKD that is not caused by any well-known risk factors, such as hypertension, diabetes, or HIV. Across the world, reports of CKDu are becoming more frequent, and in several areas in Central America, eastern Europe, and south Asia, they are reaching epidemic levels. In the first epidemiological investigation, which was conducted in 2007 and sought to uncover potential risk factors of CKDu, it was claimed that the disease was caused by the environment (1). Environmental factors that have been researched as potential causes of CKDu include heavy metal exposure, high seasonal temperatures, pesticide use, mycotoxins, polluted water resources, and snake bites. In order to comprehend and avoid CKDu, it may be useful to highlight common risk factors across various international settings and populations as the underlying aetiologies in most locations have not been adequately defined. 30% and 21%, respectively, of ESRD patients have diabetes and hypertension; however, younger individuals in underdeveloped nations are more likely to have glomerulonephritis and CKD with an unknown aetiology. As a result, the goal of this research was to follow the theoretical research on AFB1 and its part in the aetiology of chronic renal disease, which is yet unknown.

Background : The physiological regulation of the ovary is a complicated process ; the growth factor, steroid hormones, gonadotropins, and cytokines all take part. Inflammatory cytokines are found in many compartments of the ovary, such as the follicles. The ovarian tissue produces them in addition to the macrophages. In this study, we aimed to compare the level of serum and follicular fluid IL-1Beta (IL-1β β) for different groups of infertile patients, comparing the ICSI outcome between sub-fertile couples due to different causes. The results of this study IL-1β β was significantly higher in the patients with unexplained subfertility (p-value < 0.05), no significant difference was found in the ICSI outcome between patients with different causes of subfertility. The lowest pregnancy rate was found in patients with unexplained subfertility, but the difference is insignificant. In conclusion, immunity plays a role in unexplained subfertility as patients with unexplained subfertility have a significantly higher serum level IL-1β β than the other causes of subfertility. However, IL-1β β does not affect ICSI outcome. Therefore, the ICSI outcome is not affected by the cause of subfertility.

Objective: The aim of the presented word was to assess the diagnostic accuracy of serum Nesfatin-1 in type 2 diabetes mellitus and its relationship with C-peptide level in obese and non-obese type-2 diabetic women of Iraqi population. Methods:  A case-control study was performed on 50 type 2 diabetic patients admitted in Al-Hussein Teaching Hospital and Al-Hassan center of diabetes and endocrinology unit / Kerbala health directorate – Iraq and another 50 control individuals, during the period from April, 2022 – Jan. 2023). The T2DM groups were divided into two groups 25 obese and 25 non-obese; also the control group was divided into 25 obese and 25 non-obese as apparently healthy groups. The ELISA Kit was used to measure serum Nesfatin-1 and C-peptide, and random serum glucose was measured by enzymatic colorimetric method, and lipid profile test were measured through spectrophotometric technique, instead of HbA1c% was determined using HPLC method. Results: The results observed indicated that Nesfatin-1 levels shown a non-significant decrease in all of type 2 diabetic groups as compared with apparently healthy control group, while the C-peptide were significantly decreased in type 2 diabetic patients when compared with apparently control group. In addition, the random blood glucose and HbA1c% were shown significant elevation in type 2 diabetic patients as compared with apparently healthy control groups. The observed data indicated that Nesfatin-1 and C-peptide levels when comparing between type 2 diabetic patients and control in obese groups shown a risk factors depending upon the odd ratio observed (OR = 1.064 (1.011-1.119), 1.0200 (0.992-1.08)) respectively, but only Nesfatin-1 was shown to be significant. In BMI the levels of Nesfatin-1 and C-peptide, as shown the Nesfatin-1 was significant in obese groups, while the C-peptide as shown significant in normal weight groups. The optimal diagnostic points for Nesfatin-1 were (sensitivity = 98%, specificity = 90%) at a level (Cut-off points) = 39.13, while C-Peptide levels: (sensitivity = 98%, specificity = 94%) at a level (Cut-off points) = 15.99.  Both markers have p-values of the AUC were <0.001 and statistically significant. Conclusion: Accordingly, it was concluded that a significant relationship between circulating Nesfatin-1 levels and type 2 diabetes. Nesfatin-1 appears to be able to contribute to the treatment of obesity and diabetes because of its anorexigenic and antihyperglycemic effects. In addition, C-peptide is a known biomarker of insulin resistance and beta-cell function. High specificity and sensitivity analyzed results were obtained by ROC analysis for both markers in T2DM.