Background and study aim: Egypt has very high prevalence of Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection Aim: To identify possible risk factors of HCV in Suez Canal region of Egypt. Conclusion: Infection control in medical practice and behavioral modifications in this region is essential to prevent HCV transmission.

Introduction: Hepatitis C virus is a blood-borne infection and one of the major global problems. In Egypt, the prevalence is reported to be the highest. Infection through unsafe medical procedures is considered now the primary cause of infection. The study aims to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of doctors regarding infection control guidelines in Ismailia governorate. Material and methods: A cross sectional study was conducted on a sample of physicians (355) in Ismailia governorate using a questionnaire to collect data on their knowledge and attitude concerning the control measures related to their years of experiences. Results: Most of the physicians (89.6%) regardless of their years of experience have had contact with blood products. Those who had a history of needle stick injury accounted for 56.3%, with a statistically significant difference as to the highest number being middle career physicians. Concerning knowledge about infection control policies in their hospitals, it was relatively low among all groups. Conclusions: Despite all efforts exerted by the infection control professionals, infections still remain a major unpleasant side effect of health care, often causing harm to patients.. Although Egypt has made great progress in implementing the infection control procedures and policies, there is still a huge problem as the practices of physicians do not really reflect their knowledge and they still do not follow the infection control policies. Education, monitoring, improved availability of resources and disciplinary measures are necessary to improve infection control in health facilities that should be applied to all physicians.

Objectives: This study sought to determine the commonest causes of acute abdominal pain (medical, surgical, and oncological) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: From May 1, 2020, to February 28, 2022, 910 adult patients > 18 years of age of both sexes were admitted to the emergency department or already admitted but complaining of an acute abdomen and diagnosed with COVID-19. Results: The mean age of the studied group was 48.13±11.97 years, with male predominance (66%). Medical causes of the acute abdomen were in 34% of cases, and 66% were surgical causes. Gastric causes of the acute abdomen were the most common medical causes. Referred pain from COVID-19 pneumonia was the cause of abdominal pain in 20.8% of cases. Acute appendicitis was the commonest surgical cause of acute abdomen (42.4%), mostly Grade V, followed by acute cholecystitis (11%) and biliary colic (9.8%). Acute pancreatitis was the cause in 12.7% of cases, and its causes were mainly idiopathic (48.7%). Conclusions: Surgical causes of acute abdominal pain were more common than medical causes. The commonest medical causes of the acute abdomen during COVID-19 were gastric causes, while acute appendicitis, gallbladder diseases, and intestinal ischemia were the commonest surgical causes. Idiopathic acute pancreatitis was more common than gallstone pancreatitis, and most cases were mild. Surgery is the most common cause of death from the acute abdomen, followed by respiratory failure caused by COVID-19 and then medical causes of acute abdomen. Trial registration: It was approved by the institutional review board (IRB) for all parts of this study by ZUMEC 152020-23.Clinical trial registration: NCT05295251.Retrospective registered.

Introduction: Typhoid fever is an endemic disease in our country; however, the changing presentation may alter our diagnosis and management. The Aim of the Work: To improve the management of typhoid fever in Egypt through studying the changes in the clinical picture, laboratory findings, response to antimicrobial treatment & outcomes. Subjects and Methods: 590 patients were involved in the study, presenting symptoms, laboratory results, responses to medications and the outcomes were registered. Results: fever was the most prevalent symptom (98.6%) followed by a headache (82.9%) and abdominal pain (71.5%); eating outdoor is the most prevalent risk factor (80.8%); Thirty patients who used quinolone were relapsed (14.4% of cases who used quinolone), while fifty-five patients who used 3rd generation cephalosporin were relapsed (21.1% of cases who used cephalosporins).

Background: Hepatitis C virus is now recognized as a major world public health problem. Egypt has a very high prevalence of HCV and a high morbidity and mortality from chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma Oblective: Screening for HCV in Ismailia and identifying possible risk factors for its spread among infected patients in Ismailia governorate in Egypt. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted for screening of HCV in three areas in Ismailia governorate, in the period from December 2016 till July 2018. On the basis of a specially designed protocol, standard commercially available tests and physical examinations were performed. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and recombinant immunoblot assay anti HCV tests were performed for the screened persons. Risk factors were evaluated using special questionnaire administered by trained interviewers. Reported risk factors among infected subjects were compared to those subjects negative to HCV. Odds ratio based on multivariate logisticregression model was used to identify risk factors. Results: A total of 1183 subjects were screened for HCV, of which 152 were HCV-positive and 88 of them (57.9%) were males. Mean age of the patients was 54.41 + 12.21 years. HCV patients were more likely than controls to be illiterate, unemployed and of low economic status. Furthermore, it was more common among persons sharing razors or tooth brush with other family members. Multivariate analysis showed that HCV patients were more likely than controls receiving multiple injections for treatment of chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus or chronic renal diseases (OR= 2,11,, or having history of schistosomiasis (OR=1.74, CI=1.29-2.35). Furthermore, patients who received blood transfusion are having high risk of HCV (OR=3.5, CI=2.30-5.34). Meanwhile HCV was more common among women having history of delivery, whether surgical intervention was done or not. Conclusion: Our data indicate that a history of blood transfusion, women having history of delivery, or persons that received multiple injections are at high risk for HCV infection in Ismailia governorate. Therefore, focusing on medical practices and infection control in health facilities is essential for HCV transmission prevention. Furthermore, improvements in certain lifestyle patterns and customs in this region are essential to limit transmission of the disease.