Aim: To establish the diagnostic utility of D2-40 IHC stain in dermatofibroma, by determining its positivity of expression. Study design: It was a Cross-sectional study Setting: The study was conducted in Department of Histopathology, Chughtai Institute of Pathology Duration of study: Six months (1st August 2018 to 31st January 2019) Methods: A total 70 samples were included. The clinical parameters like age and gender were recorded. The histological preparation was performed by classic method for inclusion in paraffin followed by haematoxylin-eosin staining. The immunohistochemical analysis was performed on serial sections using immune-enzymatic soluble complex method. The antibody used was D2-40 polyclonal antibody from DAKO. Diffuse crisp cytoplasmic D2-40 staining was considered positive. Results: The mean age was 32.76±10.65 years and male to female ratio was 1:1.4. There were 70% cases have D2-40 positivity for dermatofibroma and 30% have no D2-40 positivity for dermatofibroma and mean duration of disease was 9.05±6.33 months. There were significant difference (P<0.05) between age and duration of disease with respect to D2-40 positivity for dermatofibroma; Conclusion: D2-40 immunoreactivity is sensitive and is useful in the differential diagnosis of dermatofibroma. Keywords: Dermatofibroma, Haematoxylin, Immunohistochemical, Positivity of D2-40

Neck pain is the most common complaint and Cervical pain is more common in middle-aged women than in males. The most prevalent reason for patients to seek medical attention is neck pain. Objective: To identify the effectiveness of stretching and muscle energy techniques along with mobilization of cervical segment in the management of upper cross syndrome.Methods: The randomized controlled experiment took place from August 2018 to January 2019 at Benazir Bhutto Orthopedic and Rehabilitation Centre in Pakistan (Rawalpindi) and included patients with upper cross syndrome that were randomly consigned to two equal groups using a lottery system. The Group-A patients management is eccentric muscular energy therapy with cervical segmental mobilization, although Group-B patients treatment protocol is static stretching exercises accompanied by  segmental mobilization of cervical spine . Each patient received two sessions each week for three weeks, during which their visual analogue scale, and neck disability index were measured. An inclinometer was used to measure the cervical passive range of motion. Data was collected at the commencement of the study and again after three weeks of treatment. SPSS 21 was used to analyze the data. Results: Twenty (20%) of the 40 individuals were in each of the two groups. The average age in Group-A was 42.7511.13 years. It remained 40.509.14 years in Group-B. On all metrics, the eccentric muscular energy technique and static stretching approach equally demonstrated substantial results that is P Value is less than 0.05.Conclusion: Both approaches were shown to be equally successful in lowering neck impairment, enhancing cervical range of motion, and decreasing pain

Background: Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a heterogenous neoplasm of lymphoid series cells constituting 30%–40% of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in adults. DLBCL presents significant heterogeneity Aim: To determine the frequency of activated B-cell subtype of DLBCL by using Hans algorithm. Methods: It was designed as a cross sectional study conducted in a duration of six months (5th Jun 2018 to 7th January 2019). All data was collected by using a Performa. The clinical parameters like age and gender were recorded. The histopathological method used was paraffin embedding and hematoxylin–eosin staining. The immunohistochemical technique used on serial sections was immune-enzymatic soluble complex method. SPSS version 23 was used for data entry and analysis. Mean and standard deviation was determined for quantitative variables like age and tumor size. Calculation of qualitative variables like gender, tumor site (nodal as well as extra-nodal) and immunohistochemical staining was done in the form of frequencies and percentages. The mean age of the patients was 48.55±15.41 years. Majority of them were male with frequency of 69(71.9%) and female were 27(28.1%). Mean size of lymphoma was 12.44±4.24cm in the patients. Most of the cells were nodal with frequency of 58(60.4%) and a few extra nodal with frequency of 38(39.6%). It was noticed that germinal centre B-cell type was in 53(55.2%) and activated B-cell type lymphoma was present in 43(44.8%). Conclusion: It is observed that frequency of the activated B–cell type lymphoma are less common in patients with lymphoma. Keyword: Lymphoma, Germinal, carcinoma