Background: Epistaxis is one of the most common medical emergencies worldwide,with almost 60% of the population experiencing it at some point in their life.Our study aimed to understand the etiology and management in OPD and nonsurgical IPD settings. Methods: Our study consisted of 60 patients presenting with epistaxis over a period of one year in tertiary care setting. Detailed history was taken, followed by formulation, and putting into practice the management methodology. Results: Our results showed a male (63.3%) predominance over females (36.7%).Majority of our patients were more than 40 years in age,with 51-60 years (28.4%) being the most common age group. Hypertension, idiopathy, and trauma were the most common etiologies.All the cases were resolved with conservative (non-surgical) methods of treatment.Blood transfusion was required in only one case.Conclusions:Epistaxis,although seen at any age,is largely a geriatric problem. Hypertension, idiopathy, and trauma are the most common etiologies. Etiologies vary with age and their understanding leads to better management plans. Conservative methods remain successful in cases without any complications.

<p><strong>Background</strong>: Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) is retrograde flow of gastric contents into the larynx, oropharynx and/ or nasopharynx. LPR causes respiratory symptoms such as <a title="Cough" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cough">cough</a> and <a title="Wheezing" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheezing">wheezing</a> and is often associated with head and neck complaints such as <a title="Dysphonia" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysphonia">dysphonia</a>, <a title="Globus pharyngis" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globus_pharyngis">globus pharyngus</a>, and <a title="Dysphagia" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysphagia">dysphagia</a>.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>this is an observational study conducted over a period of 18 months at ENT OPD, GMC Srinagar. All patients aged 15 years and above who presented with clinical diagnosis of LPR, not taking any treatment were included. Demographic, dietary and RSI data were obtained by mean of a questionnaire. The 130 patients were recruited and given uniform treatment including antacids and PPIs and lifestyle modification. Routine follow up and assessment with repeat administration of the questionnaire and FOL was arranged for all patients at a period of 4 weeks from the initial assessment.</p><p><strong>Results</strong>: The 130 patients were included. 100 were females (76.9%). The mean age was 41.1. The mean RSI and RFS were 9.2 (SD 2.9) and 6.9 (SD 2.5) respectively. Highest observed were troublesome coughs (0.25) and breathing difficulties (0.37). Highest observed RFS were erythema (2.03), ventricular obliteration (1.54) and posterior commissure hypertrophy (1.18) and lowest observed was vocal cord granuloma (0). 27.7% of patients had associated dental erosions and 12.3% had symptoms suggestive of sinusitis.<strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> LPR in the study population was more common in females. Lack of association between RSI and RFR is note-worthy. Dietary modifications and pharmacological management are associated with statistically significant RSI and RFS improvement.</p>

Background: Studies have persistently associated the site and size of the tympanic membrane (TM) with the magnitude of hearing loss;however,the results are mixed and inconclusive on the effect of the site of the perforation on the hearing loss. Therefore, we conducted the present study to investigate the relationship between the size and site of TM perforation and hearing loss in inactive mucosal chronic otitis media. Methods: We conducted a hospital-based observational, prospective study in the Postgraduate Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Government Medical College Srinagar, and recruited 94 patients diagnosed to have inactive mucosal chronic otitis media with dry tympanic membrane perforation. In addition to the site and size of TM perforation, the magnitude of hearing loss was also estimated. Results: We recruited 94 subjects presenting acute otitis media with TP perforation. The mean age (±SD) of cases was 36.3(±4) and males showed a marginal over-representation over females (male to female ratio: 1.2:1). We observed a positive correlation of the size of TM perforation with the average hearing loss. Moreover, subjects having perforations in the posterior ear reported higher average hearing loss. Conclusion: We report a positive correlation of the size of TM perforation with the average hearing loss and subjects having perforations in the posterior ear reported higher average hearing loss. However, more replicative studies with a larger sample size are warranted to substantiate our findings.

Background: Knowledge of anatomy constitutes an integral part of the total management of patients with sinonasal diseases. The aim of this study was to obtain the prevalence of sinonasal anatomic variations in the Kashmiri population and to understand their importance and impact on the disease process, as well as their influence on surgical management and outcome. Materials and Methods: This study is a prospective review of retrospectively performed normal computed tomography (CT) scans of the nose and paranasal sinuses in the adult Kashmiri population at SMHS Hospital. The scans were reviewed by two independent observers. Results: The most common anatomic variation after excluding agger nasi cells were pneumatized Crista Galli, which was seen in 69% of the scans. However, the least common variation seen in this series was Pneumatized inferior turbinate, which was encountered in 1.1 % of the cases. Conclusion: A wide range of regional differences in the prevalence of each anatomic variation exists. Understanding the preoperative CT scan is substantially important because it is the roadmap for the sinus surgeon. Detection of anatomic variations is vital for surgical planning and the prevention of complications.