The age group of positive cases of H1N1 was between 21 and 30 years and age group of patients who died ranged from 40 to 45 year. This overview indicates that although the majority of hospitalized persons infected with novel influenza A (H1N1) recovered without complications, certain patients had severe and prolonged disease. It was also noted that 2009 influenza A (H1N1) infection - related clinical illness predominantly affects young patients. All hospitalized patients with novel influenza A (H1N1) infection should be monitored carefully and treated with antiviral therapy. Mandatory vaccination of health-care workers is especially important in emerging pandemic.

BACKGROUND Amp-C beta-lactamase are cephalosporinases that hydrolyze cephamycins as well as other extended spectrum cephalosporins and are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Although, reported with increasing frequency, the true rate of occurrence of Amp-C βlactamases in different organisms including members of Enterobacteriaceae remains unknown. The present study was designed to determine the occurrence of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBL) and Amp-C betalactamase enzyme harbouring Gram-negative clinical isolates in a tertiary care hospital in South India. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 205 Gram-negative bacteria were screened for ESBL and Amp-C beta-lactamases. Isolates found to be positive by the screening test were subjected to the confirmatory test for ESBL and Amp-C disk test for plasmid Amp-C production. RESULTS Of the 205 clinical isolates, 135 (65.9%) were screen test positive for ESBL. Confirmatory test for ESBL revealed 79 (38.5%) isolates to be positive and 71 isolates were screen test positive for Amp-C beta-lactamase. Plasmid Amp-C was detected in 32 (15.6%) by Amp-C disc test. Co-production of ESBL and Amp-C was seen in 9 (4.4%) isolates and maximum coexistence was seen in Klebsiella pneumoniae (15.3%) isolates. CONCLUSION Screening and confirmatory tests are necessary to identify ESBL and true Amp-C producers, as it is a simple and rapid procedure. The high incidence of beta-lactamase production due to multiple mechanisms is alarming and requires urgent action from both a therapeutic and infection control perspective, so that proper antibiotic policy and appropriate measures could be taken to restrict the indiscriminate use of cephalosporins and carbapenems, so as to minimise the emergence of this multiple beta-lactamase producing organisms.

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BACKGROUND Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media (CSOM) is a common infectious chronic ear disease in India. The present study of Department of ENT OPD of ESIC-MC-PGIMSR, Bangalore, was aimed to identify aerobic bacterial isolates associated with CSOM and their antibiogram in patients. MATERIALS AND METHODSProspectively studied one hundred and thirteen patients with CSOM with ear swabs taken and cultured for bacteria. The standard method of isolation and identification was followed. Antimicrobial susceptibility of the bacterial isolates was performed by KirbyBauer's disc diffusion method. RESULTSPseudomonas aeruginosa 28 (49.1%) was the most predominant organism followed by Staphylococcus aureus 16 (28%). Fungi accounted for 3 (2.6%) of the isolates. The antimicrobial profile of the major isolates showed 75% of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 62.5% of Staphylococcus aureus sensitive to ciprofloxacin. CONCLUSIONPseudomonas aeruginosa is the most common isolate followed by Staphylococcus aureus. The study of microbial pattern and their antibiotic sensitivity determines the prevalent bacterial organisms causing CSOM in local area and to start empirical and more targeted treatment of otitis media and its complications for successful outcome, thus to prevent the emergence of resistant strains.