S afety is the fundamental value in the system of the needs of individuals, states, groups, and social systems. With reference to an existential dimension of a given subject's being, it means the certainty of its survival and existence. It can be considered both as a factor determining the state of a subject at a specified time or over a longer period of time (the processual dimension) and, in the latter, it refers to the durability of the subject's existence as well as its ability to survive and develop in a determined, subject-specific external environment. Safety as a category that describes the state of a subject means not only the lack of threats to its existence and functioning, but also assumes that there is a possibility that available measures exist for the subject to ensure the persistence of such a state, alternatively conducive to its change in a positive direction.In social sciences, the category of safety is mainly an analytical one that is broadly used in security studies and in political and administrative studies. The fundamental unit the said category refers to is a state which is the subject of analyses of the foregoing scientific disciplines. As part of a sub-discipline that includes the study of international relations, significant time is dedicated to international systems on top of the security analyses that https://securityandefence.pl/

No abstract

Purpose: The research aims to characterize legal solutions in the field of emergency states-those existing and implemented in Poland and Taiwan. Design/Methodology/Approach: The author discusses emergency states in Poland and Taiwancharacteristics, premises, and procedures for introducing. The existing rules that were introduced during the COVID-19 pandemic will also be presented. During the research, the author uses legal and comparative analysis and structural and functional analysis. However, the interpretation method is also important, which makes it possible to interpret legal acts and a comparative study-in the scope of regulations in force in these countries. The author uses elements of the concept-descriptive and improving functional and modeling, and diagnostic and functional. Findings: The working hypothesis refers to the assumption that the current legal regulations in the field of emergency states are insufficient and disproportionate to the threat of a pandemic COVID-19. Some restrictions are necessary, but more important are social responsibility, self-control, and education. The essence of emergency states is different: protecting the State, its organs, and society against threats and dangers of various causes. So, the restrictions and limitations on human rights associated with them do not respond to the pandemic case. Practical Implications: As a result of conducting the comparisons, it is possible to present some legal changes concerning extraordinary measures and rules during a crisis. Originality/Value: This is a complete research for a comparative study concerning Poland and Taiwan.

Normative acts applicable in the Republic of Poland do not lack a multitude of formulations of terms such as: war, state of war or time of war. The lack of legally binding definitions and the inconsistency of the use of identical definitions lead to different, often contradictory interpretations of particular situations, which may have different legal consequences. Only a precise and detailed definition of these concepts, preferably by incorporating them into national or international law, would dispel many doubts and close the way to sometimes contradictory interpretations, which is particularly important for security and defence concepts and issues. Therefore, in this paper the author will present definitions and regulations resulting from Polish legal acts, relating to war, war time and the state of war.

<p>W polskim prawodawstwie nie ustanowiono – jak do tej pory ustawy, która kompleksowo regulowałaby organizację i funkcjonowanie systemu bezpieczeństwa narodowego czy też - wezej - systemu kierowania bezpieczeństwem narodowym RP. Nie oznacza to jednak, że system kierowania nie funkcjonuje (albo przynajmniej jego elementy). Trudno jednak wskazać istnienie systemu nadrzędnego. Dlatego w niniejszym artykule przedstawione zostaną aspekty prawne systemu kierowania bezpieczeństwem narodowym RP, które są rozproszone w kilkunastu aktach prawnych.</p>