Islamic law is a law originating from and being part of the Islamic religion. Caliph Umar can be said to be the pioneer of legislation in an Islamic state. He has created a new paradigm in Islamic history. The development of Islam during the Caliph Umar to expand the Islamic region had a brilliant result. With the expansion of the Islamic region, the need for community education and fostering activities also increased. It was caused by people who had just converted to Islam in various conquered areas clearly needed guidance in the practice of Islamic application. Therefore, Islamic law had also undergone development from the previous period. The source of Islamic law in the era of Umar apart from the Qur'an and Sunnah was also carried out by Ijtihad. The method in this study was a library research, by collecting, reading, and studying books that have something to do with this discussion. At first glance Umar's decisions or Ijtihad seemed to contradict the provisions of the Qur'an, but if it was examined the nature of the verses in the framework of the overall purpose of Islamic law, the ijtihad carried out by Umar Ibn Khattab did not contradict with the meaning of the verses of the law.
Penyeberangan peradaban Islam ke Eropa terjadi melalui Andalusia/ Spanyol, Sisilia dan melalui Perang Salib. Lebih dari delapan abad Umat Islam berkuasa di Spanyol dan telah mencapai masa kejayaannya di sana. Walaupun dalam bidang politik terjadi gelombang turun naik, dinasti silih berganti dan perebutan kekuasaan sering terjadi, namun dalam bidang intelektual dan peradaban mencapai prestasi yang gemilang. Sangat banyak prestasi yang dicapai bahkan pengaruhnya membawa Eropa dan Dunia kepada kemajuan yang lebih kompleks. Yang paling berpengaruh di Eropa adalah pemikiran Ibn Rusyd yang melepaskan belenggu Taklid dan menganjurkan kebebasan berfikir. Pengaruh pemikiran Ibn Rusyd sangat besar di Eropa, sehingga muncul gerakan Averroeisme (Ibn Rusyd-isme). Walaupun pihak gereja menolak pemikiran rasional tersebut namun berawal dari gerakan inilah pada abad ke 16 M lahirlah reformasi dan pada abad ke 17 M lahir pula rasionalisme di Eropa. Begitu juga dengan Pulau Sisilia di masa Dinasti Kalbiyah mengalami kemajuan dalam segala bidang. Sarjana-sarjana muncul dari berbagai bidang ilmu. Perang Salib yang berlangsung lebih kurang dua abad juga telah membawa Eropa ke dalam kontak langsung dengan Dunia Islam. Kemajuan orang-orang Timur menjadi daya dorong yang besar bagi pertumbuhan intelektual Eropa Barat dan menambah pentingnya posisi Eropa termasuk di lapangan perniagaan, perdagangan dan perindustrian. Difusi kebudayaan Barat dan Timur pada masa Perang Salib inilah pada akhirnya juga menjadi landasan bagi terjadinya renaissance (kebangkitan kembali) di Eropa, reformasi, rasionalisme dan Pencerahan (Aufklarung) yang pada akhirnya membawa Eropa kepada zaman kemajuan.
Masyarakat Kerinci sebelum kedatangan Belanda mempunyai dua pola kepmimpinan yaitu kaum adat dan ulama, mereka mempunyai peran signitifikan di tengah masyarakat Kerinci dalam menyusun serta menerapkan peraturan-peraturan yang ada. Kedatangan Kolonialisme ke Kerinci dianggap merusak struktur dan tatanan masyarakat, sehingga kaum adat dan ulama melakukan pergerakan anti penjajahan dengan berbagai bentuk dan pola perlawanan. Metode yang digunakan dalam tulisan ini adalah metode kepustakaan (library research) dengan pendekatan deskriptif analisis, dengan temuan bahwa perlawanan kaum adat dipimpin oleh Depati Parbo dengan strategi bergerilya dan membangun benteng di berbagai tempat di wilayah kerinci dengan dibantu oleh depati yang lainnya. Komunikasi yang intens antar Depati dilakukan oleh kaum adat dalam membentuk pertahanan. Sedangkan perlawanan ulama dipimpin oleh H. Ismael di Pulau Tengah, perlawanan kaum ulama menggunakan justifikasi agama dengan menjadikan masjid Keramat sebagai poros utama dan pusat pergerakan perlawanan terhadap Belanda, strategi yang digunakan adalah perang secara terbuka dengan mendirikan benteng di berbagai titik di Pulau Tengah.
<p><em>This paper discusses the progress of Islam in the Ottoman Empire. The purpose of this paper is to describe how progress has been made for the progress of the Ottoman Turks in the development of Islam. The problem to be answered in this paper is: What is the background of the emergence of the Ottoman government and the progress achieved by the Ottoman Empire. This writing uses a historical approach, with descriptive analysis method. In this paper, it is found that the background of the emergence of the Ottoman government began with the return of Sultan Ala ad-Din II from the Seljuq Rum Ertoghul who led the army against the Roman army and then won. With this victory, Sultan Ala ad-Din gave Erthogul a gift, an area bordering Byzantium. Then he built the land and expanded his territory to Byzantium. Erthogul had a child named Usman who was born in 1258 AD That Usman name was taken as the name of the Ottoman Empire. The progress achieved by the Ottoman Empire included developments in the field of thought in the military and government fields, as well as in the fields of science and culture, as well as in the religious fields</em><em></em></p><p><em><br /></em></p>
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
customersupport@researchsolutions.com
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.