HighlightsGPM-IMERG and WRF are recommended for hydroclimatic applications in Eastern Himalaya ERA5, TRMM-3B42RTV7 and IMD-0.25°captured extreme precipitation events satisfactorily IMD-0.25°is advised for precipitation trend analysis after suitable bias-correction GPPs underestimated (overestimated) precipitation below (above) 3000 masl elevation Satellite GPPs captured the seasonal and diurnal cycles with subdued amplitudes.

The use of medicinal plants to treat infections as a practice can be witnessed since the prehistoric era. Even as on date three-quarter of the world's population totally depends on plants for their primary health care benefits. In this study, secondary metabolites like alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and saponins were extracted from four medicinal plants viz. Cassia alata, Thespesia populnea, Euphorbia hirta and Wrightia tinctoria and characterized by UV, TLC, FTIR and GCMS analysis. The metabolites were checked for the antibacterial activity using agar well diffusion method and swarming motility assay against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The alkaloids and saponins of Cassia alata, Euphorbia hirta, Thespesia populnea and Wrightia tinctorial showed dose-response antibacterial activity. The highest antibacterial activity of 1.9 cm was seen for the tannin of Wrightia tinctoria and saponin of Euphorbia hirtaat 16µg concentration. Flavonoid of Euphorbia hirta, Cassia alata and Wrightia tinctorial showed good percentage inhibition of free radicals in DPPH scavenging assay supportive of the antioxidant property. The highest percentage inhibition of 88.75% was noted for tannin of Euphorbia hirta at 50 µg concentration. Antioxidant activity was also checked qualitatively by TLC bioautography and quantitatively for its reducing power on the free radicals by FRAP and phosphomolybdenum assay. The extracted metabolites especially alkaloids were able to restrict the movement of micro organisms to a confined space which was evident from the swarming test.

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Vegetation studies establishing direct mechanistic linkages between stand transpiration and streamflow are rare from sub-tropical and tropical montane forests (TMFs) like Himalaya. We quantified the impact of diurnal and seasonal transpiration on lean season streamflow in a broad-leaved evergreen secondary TMF in Eastern Himalaya. Whole-tree and stand transpiration were measured using Granier’s thermal dissipiation sap flow probes at one of the wettest (4500 mm yr-1) and highest elevation (2100 m) sites in the world to date. The observed daily and annual transpiration rates were double of the reported values from TMFs in relatively drier Central Himalaya, but at the lower bound of TMFs globally. Solar radiation was the key driver of transpiration in energy-limited winter under hydrated conditions. Vapour pressure deficit (D) controlled transpiration in energy-abundant summer. We also found that moderate precipitation events (10-30 mm) followed by clear skies can induce significant increase (93±110 %) in stand transpiration. In turn, transpiration was the main driver of lean season streamflow in dry winter and to a lesser extent in wet summer. Thus, in winter, the transpiration-driven abstraction induced corresponding diurnal cycles in soil moisture and streamflow with an average lag of 1.3±1.8 hours and 2.9±2.5 hours, respectively, and strong negative correlations (-0.8±0.1). Thus, changes in vegetation cover and precipitation patterns are likely to impact local and regional moisture recycling by vegetation and lean season flow, thereby affecting regional water security in the Eastern Himalaya.