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Kugaji MS, Kumbar VM, Peram MR, Patil S, Bhat KG, Diwan PV. Effect of Resveratrol on biofilm formation and virulence factor gene expression of Porphyromonas gingivalis in periodontal disease. APMIS 2019; 127: 187-195.Periodontal disease is an oral inflammatory disease that destroys the tooth supporting periodontal tissues resulting in tooth loss. Porphyromonas gingivalis is a keystone pathogen that plays a significant role in periodontitis. In previous studies, resveratrol has shown significant results by targeting inflammatory and adhesive markers. Virulence factors of P. gingivalis play an important role in the bacterial adhesion and colonization. In this study, we aimed to demonstrate the anti-biofilm and anti-bacterial activity of resveratrol and also study the effect of resveratrol on the expression of virulence factor genes of P. gingivalis using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The anti-microbial and anti-biofilm activity of resveratrol on P. gingivalis was carried out by broth microdilution assay and biofilm adhesion reduction-crystal violet assay, respectively. We carried out the gene expression analysis by RT-PCR with the P. gingivalis treated compound to analyze the change in the expression of virulence factors: fimbriae and gingipain. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of resveratrol against P. gingivalis and other clinical strains are in the range of 78.12-156.25 lg/mL. Resveratrol dosedependently prevented the biofilm formation and also attenuated the virulence of P. gingivalis by reducing the expression of virulence factor genes such as fimbriae (type II and IV) and proteinases (kgp and rgpA). Resveratrol demonstrated superior anti-bacterial and anti-biofilm activity against P. gingivalis. There was significant reduction in the expression of fimbriae and gingipain with the resveratrol-treated compound. The results suggest that resveratrol, due to its multiple actions, may become a simple and inexpensive therapeutic strategy for treating periodontal disease.

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Objective: The identification of new uncultured species and viruses supports the possibility of combination of the herpesvirus-bacterial periodontal infection for periodontitis. The paucity of data and studies with larger sample size in Indian subjects provides an unclear picture of the presence of the herpesvirus in this population. Materials and methods:This was a cross-sectional study consisting of 100 each in the healthy group and chronic periodontitis (CP) group. The subgingival plaque was collected and polymerase chain reaction was performed post deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) extraction by using specific primers for human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). The data were analyzed using Fisher's exact test, Mann-Whitney U test and Spearman's coefficient correlation.Results: Human cytomegalovirus and EBV viruses were significantly higher in the CP group as compare to the healthy group. A higher percentage of those with CMV positive had EBV also positive (28.3%) compared to only 9.1% of CMV negative being EBV positive in the CP group. When both the healthy and CP group in total was compared, there was a significant correlation with all clinical parameters. Conclusion:Both the viruses dominated in disease as compared to health were similar to the earlier findings. The CP group had higher pocket depth and clinical attachment loss in the virus positive subjects. These findings could suggest that 91-9620127630, e-mail: drvinayakjoshi@gmail.com virus serves as a prelude to the disease and the combination of the two viruses could play a role in the pathogenesis. Prevalence of Herpesvirus and Correlation with Clinical

Background: Periodontitis is widely regarded as the second most common disease worldwide after dental decay. The trigger for the initiation of the disease is the presence of complex microbial biofilm in the subgingival area. The Gram-negative anaerobic bacteria have been found to predominate in the subgingival niche. The red complex, which includes Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Tannerella forsythia encompasses the most important pathogens in chronic periodontitis. The data of these microorganisms in periodontal disease in our country is sparse, hence, the aim of the study. Materials and Methods: A total of 170 subjects from both the sexes and within an age group of 21-85 years with chronic periodontitis were selected. Sub-gingival pooled plaque sample was collected by sterile Gracey curette from two deep periodontal pockets (probing depth [PD] ≥5 mm) DNA was isolated using in-house laboratory and multiplex polymerase chain reaction was carried out. Results: The mean gingival index, PD, and clinical attachment level were calculated, and the prevalence of P. gingivalis, T. denticola, and T. forsythia in individual and combination was also detected. The statistical analysis for the above-mentioned parameters was done using the software. Conclusion: It was observed that there was a statistically significant increase in red complex bacteria in the age group >41 years, although no gender bias was seen. Out of 170 subjects, 106 showed positive for red complex organisms, either singly or in varied combinations.