Over the years, conventional wastewater treatment processes have achieved to some extent in treating effluents for discharge pints. Development in wastewater treatment processes is essential to make treated wastewater reusable for industrial, agricultural, and domestic purposes. Membrane technology has emerged as an ideal technology for treating wastewater from different wastewater streams. Membrane technology is one of the most up-to-date advancements discovered to be successful in fundamentally lessening impurities to desired levels. In spite of having certain impediments, membrane bioreactors (MBRs) for biological wastewater treatment provide many advantages over conventional treatment. This review article covers all the aspects of membrane technology that are widely used in wastewater treatment process such as the principle of membrane technology, the classification of membrane technology processes in accordance to pressure, concentration, electrical and thermal-driven processes, its application in different industries, advantages, disadvantages and the future prospective.

SARS-CoV-2 is an RNA coronavirus responsible for Acute Respiratory Syndrome (COVID-19). In January 2021, the re-occurrence of COVID-19 infection was at its peak, considered the second wave of epidemics. In the initial stage, it was considered a double mutant strain due to two significant mutations observed in their Spike protein (E484Q and L452R). Although it was first detected in India later on, it was spread to several countries worldwide, causing high fatality due to this strain. In the present study, we investigated the spreading of B.1.617 strain worldwide through 822 genome sequences submitted in GISAID on 21 April 2021. All genome sequences were analyzed for variations in genome sequences based on their effects due to changes in nucleotides. At Allele frequency 0.05, there were a total of 47 variations in ORF1ab, 22 in Spike protein gene, 6 variations in N gene, 5 in ORF8 and M gene, four mutations in Orf7a, and one nucleotide substitution observed for ORF3a, ORF6 and ORF7b gene. The clustering for similar mutations mentioned B.1.617 sub-lineages. The outcome of this study established relative occurrence and spread worldwide. The study’s finding represented that “double mutant” strain is not only spread through traveling but it is also observed to evolve naturally with different mutations observed in B.1.617 lineage. The information extracted from the study helps to understand viral evolution and genome variations of B.1.617 lineage. The results support the need of separating B.1.617 into sub-lineages.

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Textile effluent generated during the dyeing process of textiles is a huge supplier to water toxicity all over the world. Textile dyes are the main toxic component found in the effluent sample which is difficult to treat. A bacterial consortium capable of decolourizing and degrading the textile dye acid orange is reported in this research article. The bacterial consortium was identified by 16 S rDNA sequence and phenotypic characteristics. It is composed of four strains i.e., Pseudomonas stutzeri (MW219251), Bacillus tequilensis (MW110471), Bacillus flexus (MW131645), Kocuria rosea (MW132411). The consortium was able to cause decolorization of azo dye acid orange (30 mg/L) in 23 h, when kept under static laboratory conditions. The optimal pH and temperature for color removal were pH 7.5 and 32°C, respectively. The decolorization of dye before and after was checked by UV-Visible absorption spectra. This gives evidence that decolorization was caused due to biodegradation. This was further assured by studying the reduction of biological oxygen demand (BOD5 (96%), chemical oxygen demand (COD) (79%), and TOC (total organic carbon) (54%) of the bacterial-treated water sample. The Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) results confirmed the mineralization of the dye. The results indicate the effectiveness of the bacterial consortium SPB92 in the biodegradation of acid orange dye. This demonstrates that the consortium has immense potential and will serve as an important contributor to the treatment of textile wastewater.

Textile effluent generated during the dyeing process of textiles is a huge supplier to water toxicity all over the world. Textile dyes are the main toxic component found in the effluent sample which is difficult to treat. A bacterial consortium capable of decolourizing and degrading the textile dye acid orange is reported in this research article. The bacterial consortium was identified by 16S rDNA sequence and phenotypic characteristics. It is composed of four strains i.e., Pseudomonas stutzeri (MW219251), Bacillus tequilensis (MW110471), Bacillus flexus (MW131645), Kocuria rosea (MW132411). The consortium was able to cause decolorization of azo dye acid orange (30 mg/L) in 23 h, when kept under static laboratory conditions. The optimal pH and temperature for color removal were pH 7.5 and 32° C, respectively. The decolorization of dye before and after was checked by UV-Visible absorption spectra. This gives evidence that decolorization was caused due to biodegradation. This was further assured by studying the reduction of biological oxygen demand (BOD5) (96%), chemical oxygen demand (COD) (79%), total dissolved solids (TDS) (80%), total suspended solids (TSS) (65%), and total organic carbon (TOC) (54%) of the bacterial-treated water sample. The strain showed significant activities of azoreductase (85%), laccase (87%), and NADH-DCIP reductase (69%) at 21 h, 16 h, and 11 h of growth respectively indicating evidence for reductive cleavage of the dye. The Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) results confirmed the mineralization of the dye. The results indicate the effectiveness of the bacterial consortium SPB92 in the biodegradation of acid orange dye. This demonstrates that the consortium has immense potential and will serve as an important contributor to the treatment of textile wastewater.