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As international concern for the survival of deltas grows, the Mekong River delta, the world’s third largest delta, densely populated, considered as Southeast Asia’s most important food basket, and rich in biodiversity at the world scale, is also increasingly affected by human activities and exposed to subsidence and coastal erosion. Several dams have been constructed upstream of the delta and many more are now planned. We quantify from high-resolution SPOT 5 satellite images large-scale shoreline erosion and land loss between 2003 and 2012 that now affect over 50% of the once strongly advancing >600 km-long delta shoreline. Erosion, with no identified change in the river’s discharge and in wave and wind conditions over this recent period, is consistent with: (1) a reported significant decrease in coastal surface suspended sediment from the Mekong that may be linked to dam retention of its sediment, (2) large-scale commercial sand mining in the river and delta channels, and (3) subsidence due to groundwater extraction. Shoreline erosion is already responsible for displacement of coastal populations. It is an additional hazard to the integrity of this Asian mega delta now considered particularly vulnerable to accelerated subsidence and sea-level rise, and will be exacerbated by future hydropower dams.
Sand mining (used here as a generic term that includes mining of any riverine aggregates regardless of particle size) is a global activity that is receiving increasing media attention due to perceived negative environmental and social impacts. As calls grow for stronger regulation of mining, there is a need to understand the scientific evidence to support effective management. This paper summarizes the results of a structured literature review addressing the question, “What evidence is there of impacts of sand mining on ecosystem structure, process, and biodiversity in rivers, floodplains, and estuaries?” The review found that most investigations have focused on temperate rivers where sand mining occurred historically but has now ceased. Channel incision was the most common physical impact identified; other physical responses, including habitat disturbance, alteration of riparian zones, and changes to downstream sediment transport, were highly variable and dependant on river characteristics. Ecosystem attributes affected included macroinvertebrate drift, fish movements, species abundance and community structures, and food web dynamics. Studies often inferred impacts on populations, but supporting data were scarce. Limited evidence suggests that rivers can sustain extraction if volumes are within the natural sediment load variability. Significantly, the countries and rivers for which there is science‐based evidence related to sand mining are not those where extensive sand mining is currently reported. The lack of scientific and systematic studies of sand mining in these countries prevents accurate quantification of mined volumes or the type, extent, and magnitude of any impacts. Additional research into how sand mining is affecting ecosystem services, impacting biodiversity and particularly threatened species, and how mining impacts interact with other activities or threats is urgently required.
L’extraction des sables et graviers en rivière a augmenté dans les pays développés depuis au moins le milieu du XXe siècle, en particulier pour la construction (béton) et les remblais (voies ferrées et routières, conquête de terrains en zone inondable, plates-formes en mer). Dans les 30 dernières années, ce phénomène a connu une grande expansion dans les pays en développement tels que la Chine, l’Inde et dans d’autres pays asiatiques à croissance rapide. Les impacts négatifs de l’extraction des ressources fluviales sont bien documentés en Europe et aux États-Unis depuis le début des années 1980 et des études sont maintenant disponibles sur les extractions en Asie du Sud-est et notamment en Chine.Le Bas Mékong et ses bassins tributaires sont des hauts lieux de la biodiversité mais ils ont connu un essor considérable de la construction des barrages, en particulier sur le cours chinois du Mékong, le Lancang. L’enjeu actuel le plus important dans le bassin du Mékong est sans aucun doute la menace qui pèse sur les côtes du delta car l’importance de ce dernier est remarquable en termes de sécurité alimentaire pour les populations en forte croissance du Vietnam et du Cambodge. Les raisons les plus souvent citées pour expliquer le recul du delta sont le piégeage des sédiments qui se fait dans les retenues du haut bassin et le changement climatique. Les extractions de sable et gravier dans le chenal du Mékong et sur ses affluents n’ont pas encore été prises en considération.Cet article fournit la première évaluation de l’extraction des ressources en granulat sur les 2 400 km du cours principal du Bas Mékong, de la frontière chinoise au delta. Le Fonds Mondial pour la Nature (WWF) a réalisé un relevé en 2011-2012. Des entretiens systématiques ont été réalisés dans les quatre pays du bas Mékong pour évaluer les types de matériaux extraits, les techniques utilisées, les volumes extraits, les tendances enregistrées ces dernières années et les changements attendus dans la géographie des extractions. Les résultats révèlent que le volume annuel de sable et de gravier extrait, en dépit d’une sous-évaluation évidente, excède le volume de sable et de gravier transporté par le fleuve. Les résultats soulignent aussi l’importance considérable de ce facteur dans les changements géomorphologiques et écologiques enregistrés dans les différents tronçons du Mékong et dans son delta.
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