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Doping is making headlines again. After whistle-blowers revealed systematic doping practices, parts of the Russian team were suspended from the Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro, 2016. Before, the sport world had seen major doping scandals, such as, revelations about East Germany's largescale state doping program, the Festina scandal during the 1998 Tour de France, the Fuentes affair, and the fall of cycling idol Lance Armstrong (Dimeo, 2014). This article is motivated by fact that none of these scandals has been detected by the heavily expanded technocratic doping test system. Without denying that the test system has achieved some successes, these revelations about undetected misconduct indicate serious flaws of the test system. Whereas research on athletes' perception of the likelihood of detection by the test system are rare, some studies conducted among athletes suggest that the technocratic test system is met with distrust and frustration (Efverström, Bäckström, Ahmadi, & Hoff, 2016; Overbye, 2016). Furthermore, a number of studies suggest that the extent of doping is significantly higher than that found in the official testing statistics (de Hon,

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