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A new tomographic S wave velocity model for the upper mantle beneath South America is presented. We developed and applied a new method of simultaneously inverting regional S and Rayleigh waveforms and fundamental mode Rayleigh wave group velocities, to better constrain upper mantle S velocity structure and Moho depth. We used ∼5700 Rayleigh wave group velocity dispersion curves and 1537 regional wave trains with paths principally passing through the South American continent. The joint inversion of this data set provided a new three‐dimensional (3‐D) upper mantle S velocity model and a Moho depth model for South America, which fits both the group velocity and regional waveform data sets well. New features of the final three‐dimensional (3‐D) S velocity and Moho depth model correlate well with known geotectonic units on a regional scale. The Moho depth ranges from 30 km in the central Chaco basin to 42 km beneath the Amazonian craton and 45–70 km beneath the orogenic Andean belt. The imaged S velocity indicates an average lithosphere thickness of around 160 km for the Amazonian craton. High velocities are imaged beneath the Amazon and part of the Paraná and Parnaíba basins down to about 150 km. Low to very low velocities are imaged beneath the central Andes and the Chaco, Pantanal, and northwestern Paraná basins.

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