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This work evaluates the potential of co-products from sisal fiber extraction and of plant residues at the end of the productive life cycle and their upgrading into bioproducts and biofuels, focus on Brazil, and, specifically on the Sisal Identity Territory in the state of Bahia. Sisal co-products and residues are identified and quantified; Environmental and socio-economic indicators are applied. Energy potential and bioproducts from sisal in Brazil have been studied in universities and research centers, but not sufficiently quantified, so the scientific bases for this purpose are still limited. Considering an annual sisal fiber production in Brazil at 100,000 MT, and a 4% yield from the fiber extraction process, an estimated 2.4 million metric tons of products are thus generated by the defibering process, consisting of pulp, sisal tow, and juice. Furthermore, an estimated 900,000 metric tons per year of residual biomass from the stems at the end of the 10-year productive cycle is produced and presently left to rot in the field.

In 2005, the Brazilian government started the commercial production of biodiesel through the implementation of the National Program for Production and Use of Biodiesel (PNPB). From that year until 2012, the country became one of the largest biodiesel producers in terms of volume. The present study aims to critically analyze the Social Fuel Seal (SCS) established in PNPB as well as lifting the scenario on the effective participation of family farming in the program. This work is characterized as qualitative and exploratory, whose technical procedures were adapted to the literature search and data collection in government agencies involved with the program. The survey showed the following results: i) the modification of the law of SCS to promote the production of biodiesel has not provided positive results for the North and Northeast; ii) the acquisitions of family farming performed by biodiesel plants SCS presented a rather uneven performance among Brazilian regions; iii) the gross income per family in the Northeast during the study periods were low; iv) there are discrepancies in the figures one of the accredited program between regions cooperatives. In summary, despite the advancement of inclusion of biodiesel in Brazil's energy matrix, this work shows that the SCS presented a scenario contrary to what was planned by the government, ie, the more developed regions have benefited most.

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RESUMO Os projetos do Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo (MDL) devem ter como objetivo complementar a promoção de cobenefícios ambientais, sociais e econômicos para o desenvolvimento sustentável. Assim, o objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar o perfil e os cobenefícios declarados nos projetos de MDL de energia eólica no Nordeste do Brasil. Para isso, foi realizada uma análise documental de 47 Documentos de Concepção do Projeto (DCP) de todos os projetos de energia eólica no Nordeste, registrados pelo Conselho Executivo do MDL até maio de 2016. Os resultados mostram uma predominância de projetos de pequeno porte, localizados em distritos ou pequenos municípios, em especial no estado do Rio Grande do Norte (43%). Mais de um terço dos projetos, apresenta estimativa de redução anual média de Gases do Efeito Estufa (GEE) de até 50.000 toneladas de CO2 equivalente. Em relação aos cobenefícios declarados, constatou-se que os cobenefícios ambientais são muito inferiores aos sociais e econômicos. O cobenefício ambiental mais citado foi a melhoria na qualidade do ar; o social mais citado foi a geração de novas oportunidades de emprego; e o econômico, o estímulo à economia regional. A análise concluiu que foi dada pouca ênfase à declaração dos cobenefícios nos DCP e que estes poderiam ser ampliados caso houvesse, no MDL, a previsão de mensuração e verificação dos cobenefícios gerados após a implantação do projeto, analogamente ao que já acontece com a redução das emissões de GEE. Palavras-chave:Brasil. Cobenefícios para o desenvolvimento sustentável. Energia eólica; Projetos de MDL.ABSTRACT CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) projects should have as a secondary objective the promotion of environmental, social and economic co-benefits for sustainable development. Thus, the purpose of this research is to analyze the profile and declared co-benefits in CDM wind energy projects in Northeast of Brazil. Thus, a documentary analysis of 47 Project Design Documents (PDD) of all wind energy projects in the Northeast recorded by the CDM Executive Board until May 2016 was carried out. Results show a predominance of small projects, located in districts or small municipalities, especially in the state of Rio Grande do Norte (43%). More than a third of the projects present an estimate of average annual reduction of Greenhouse Gases (GHG) of up to 50,000 tons of CO2 equivalent. With regard to declared co-benefits, we found that environmental co-benefits are much lower than the social and economic ones. The most cited environmental co-benefit was the improvement in air quality; the social most cited was the generation of new job opportunities; and the stimulus to regional economy. The analysis concludes that little emphasis was placed on declaration of the co-benefits in the PDD and that these could be expanded if there were in the CDM the prediction of measurement and verification of the co-benefits generated after the project implementation, similarly to what already happens with GHG emissions reduction.