O advento de medicamentos antidepressivos tornou a depressão um problema médico, passível de tratamento. Nas últimas cinco décadas, a psicofarmacologia da depressão evoluiu muito e rapidamente. Os primeiros antidepressivos - os antidepressivos tricíclicos (ADTs) e os inibidores da monaminooxidase (IMAOs) - foram descobertos através da observação clínica. Os ADTs apresentavam boa eficácia devido à sua ação, aumentando a disponibilidade de norepinefrina e serotonina. Seu uso foi limitado em função do bloqueio de receptores de histamina, colinérgicos e alfa-adrenérgicos que acarretavam efeitos colaterais levando à baixa tolerabilidade e risco de toxicidade. Da mesma forma, o uso dos IMAOs ficava comprometido em função do risco da interação com tiramina e o risco de crises hipertensivas potencialmente fatais. A nova geração de antidepressivos é constituída por medicamentos que agem em um único neurotransmissor (como os inibidores seletivos de recaptação de serotonina ou de noradrenalina) ou em múltiplos neurotransmissores/receptores, como venlafaxina, bupropion, trazodona, nefazodona e mirtazapina, sem ter como alvo outros sítios receptores cerebrais não relacionados com a depressão (tais como histamina e acetilcolina). Este artigo revisa a farmacologia dos antidepressivos, particularmente quanto ao mecanismo de ação, farmacocinética, efeitos colaterais e interações farmacológicas.
Antidepressant drugs turned depression into a treatable medical problem. In the last five decades, the psychopharmacology of depression has evolved rapidly. Early antidepressants - tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) - were discovered through clinical observation. The TCAs exhibited good antidepressant efficacy due to the enhancement in serotonin and norepinephrine availability. Its use was limited because of unwanted side effects and toxicity risk related to the blockade of histaminergic, cholinergic and alfa-adrenergic receptors. MAOIs can interact with tyramine to cause potentially lethal hypertension and present potentially dangerous interactions with various medications and over-the-counter drugs. The new generation of antidepressants includes the single-receptor selective serotonin or norepinephrine inhibitors and the multiple-receptor-acting antidepressants, such as venlafaxine, bupropion, trazodone, nefazodone, and mirtazapine. They do not act on other receptor sites not related to depression (such as histamine or acetilcholine). This paper reviews the pharmacology of antidepressants, including its mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, side effects and drug-drug interactions

A b s t r a c tRecently, several studies have focused on comorbity psychiatric disorders with alcohol and other substance dependence. The Brazilian Association of Studies on Alcohol and Other Drugs proposed the Brazilian Guidelines project. This study review diagnostic and therapeutic criteria to the most prevalent psychiatric comorbidities. Randomized clinical trials, epidemiological, animal studies and other forms of research are reviewed. The main psychiatric comorbidities are studied based on guidelines adopted by other countries and the literature data resumed. Epidemiological aspects, diagnoses, integrated treatment and service organization, as well as specific psychotherapic and pharmacological treatment are discussed. The Brazilian Association of Studies on Alcohol and Other Drugs Guidelines reassures the importance of adequate diagnoses and treatment regarding alcoholic and drug dependent patients suffering of comorbid psychiatric disorders.

The authors review recent studies on benzodiazepine, the most largely used drug for insomnia and anxiety. In this paper are summarized: the development, patterns of use and abuse, mechanism of action, development of differential tolerance to its many effects, and the phenomena of withdrawal and dependence on the benzodiazepines.

Abstract AbstractBipolar disorder is a complex medical condition, and up to the date there is no single treatment with proven efficacy in the control of all aspects of the illness. The available literature on the use of anticonvulsants (valproate, carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, lamotrigine, gabapentin, topiramate, clonazepam) and atypical antipsychotics (clozapine, risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, ziprasidone, and aripiprazole)