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The highly sensitive eicosanoid profiling in EBC makes it possible to detect alterations in asthma, especially in its distinct phenotype characterized by hypersensitivity to aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. This permits us to discriminate asthmatic subjects from healthy subjects, as well as to distinguish the 2 asthma phenotypes based on the presence or absence of aspirin hypersensitivity.

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Objectives ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) can affect all age groups. We aimed to show that differences in disease presentation and 6 month outcome between younger- and older-onset patients are still incompletely understood. Methods We included patients enrolled in the Diagnostic and Classification Criteria for Primary Systemic Vasculitis (DCVAS) study between October 2010 and January 2017 with a diagnosis of AAV. We divided the population according to age at diagnosis: <65 years or ≥65 years. We adjusted associations for the type of AAV and the type of ANCA (anti-MPO, anti-PR3 or negative). Results A total of 1338 patients with AAV were included: 66% had disease onset at <65 years of age [female 50%; mean age 48.4 years (s.d. 12.6)] and 34% had disease onset at ≥65 years [female 54%; mean age 73.6 years (s.d. 6)]. ANCA (MPO) positivity was more frequent in the older group (48% vs 27%; P = 0.001). Younger patients had higher rates of musculoskeletal, cutaneous and ENT manifestations compared with older patients. Systemic, neurologic,cardiovascular involvement and worsening renal function were more frequent in the older-onset group. Damage accrual, measured with the Vasculitis Damage Index (VDI), was significantly higher in older patients, 12% of whom had a 6 month VDI ≥5, compared with 7% of younger patients (P = 0.01). Older age was an independent risk factor for early death within 6 months from diagnosis [hazard ratio 2.06 (95% CI 1.07, 3.97); P = 0.03]. Conclusion Within 6 months of diagnosis of AAV, patients >65 years of age display a different pattern of organ involvement and an increased risk of significant damage and mortality compared with younger patients.

Background External inflammatory root resorption (EIRR) is a frequent complication of traumatic dental injuries (TDI). The aim of this cohort study was to identify novel non‐invasive markers of post‐traumatic EIRR by assessing the changes in the pulp's blood flow and the composition of gingival sulcus fluid (GCF) in children after dental trauma. Material and methods Thirty‐two children were enrolled and assessed within 48 h of a TDI to their permanent incisors and during an additional three visits over a 6‐months follow up period. During each visit, a radiograph and laser Doppler flow (LDF) measurements of the pulp blood flow were performed on the injured tooth, and the GCF was sampled. The permanent first molar tooth of the same subject served as a control for the LDF measurements and the GCF sampling. Concentrations of IL‐1α in the GCF were measured using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays. Radiographs were used to confirm EIRR. Results EIRR occurred in fourteen (43.8%) teeth in 32 patients. The teeth with EIRR showed diminished LDF readings when compared with controls at all visits. The LDF readings of the injured teeth continued to decrease at follow up visits. In the EIRR group, levels of IL‐1α in the GCF of teeth with EIRR were increased and significantly higher than those of the control teeth at the visit when EIRR was diagnosed. The IL‐1α levels were significantly higher in the EIRR group when compared to the injured teeth of patients without EIRR at the last follow‐up visit. Conclusions The occurrence of EIRR after mechanical trauma of permanent teeth with complete root development is accompanied by a significant reduction in the blood flow of the tooth's pulp. It is accompanied by an increase in concentrations of IL‐1α in the GCF of EIRR affected teeth. The results of this pilot study identified the use of IL‐1α in GCF and LDF as non‐invasive markers of EIRR.