INTRODUCTIONThe monozygotic twins with convulsive disorders collected by W. G. Lennox (1954) and reported by him (1960) and by Lennox and Jolly (1954) can give information as to the genetic interrelationships of the different forms of convulsive disorder. Unfortunately the data are reported in such a way that it is impossible to retrieve this kind of information. The twins' convulsions are classified as "transient" (often febrile) or 'chronic. Thus if a patient had initial febrile convulsions (FC), belonging genetically to the febrile convulsive (FC) group, and then developed recurrent afebrile seizures, he would appear as "chronic".Because the data are so complete and the group of twins with convulsive disorder so large, it seemed worthwhile to go through the records again. The specific aim here was to see what, if any, other convulsive disorders are genetically related to febrile convulsions. Since nocturnal convulsions were found in some probands with febrile convulsions and in some of their co-twins, this report is based on 24 monozygotic pairs of twins : 19 pairs, one or both with febrile convulsions, and 5 pairs, one or both with nocturnal convulsions. The convulsions in the relatives of twins with febrile and with nocturnal convulsions have also been analyzed. METHOD The dataThe twins with convulsive disorder were assembled during the roughly 20 years from 1935 on. In 1953 to 1954 as many as possible were called in to complete the studies. Clinical historyBirth and neonatal history. When the probands were children the full birth and neonatal history were obtained from the hospital where the twins were delivered, or from the physician who delivered them : condition of the mother during pregnancy, duration of labor, presentation and form of delivery of each twin and the time between This study was supported by a grant from the Scientific Corporation.
SUMMARY A well‐controlled trial of prophylactic medication with diphenylhydantoin showed it to be ineffective in preventing febrile convulsions in children under 3 years of age. Twenty‐three children were followed for 6 to 30 months. The serum concentration of diphenylhydantoin was determined every 2–3 months and was consistently above 10 μg/ml. The recurrence rate was slightly higher in them than to be expected in untreated children. Consideration was taken of the relation of age, sex and family history to the rate of recurrence. The serum concentration of the drug at the time of 5 febrile convulsions was in and above the therapeutic range in adults. It is possible that diphenylhydantoin (<10 μg/ml in the serum) prevented severe convulsions. In children under 2 years 21% of the convulsions before medication and on inadequate medication (<10 μg/ml) were severe; 8% of convulsions at age 2–3 years were severe. None of 14 febrile convulsions on adequate diphenylhydantoin was severe. In 3 adequately treated children 3 years old and older, diphenylhydantoin probably prevented febrile convulsions. Two of them were having frequent episodes, which ceased when adequate medication was begun, and another child developed a convulsion a week after medication was withdrawn. Acute toxic symptoms–lethargy, ataxia and vomiting–were rare though the serum concentration was transiently above 30 μg/ml in 9 children. Nystagmus was not reported. Chronic toxic signs–gingival hypertrophy, hirsutism and ataxia–did not occur. Two children may have had petit mal seizures when the serum concentration of diphenylhydantoin was high. RÉSUMÉ Un essai prophylactique bien contrôlé avec traitement par diphénylhydantoïne a démontré que la diphénylhydantoïne n'empêche pas 'apparition des crises fébriles chez des enfants âgés de moins de trois ans. Vingt‐trois enfants ont été suivis pendant 6–30 mois. Les concentrations de diphénylhydantoïne étaient déterminées tous les deux ou trois mois et étaient bien au‐dessus de 10 μg/ml. La fréquence des crises était un peu plus élevée chez les sujets traités que celle à laquelle on pourrait s'attendre chez des sujets non traités. La fréquence des crises a été mise en rapport avec 'âge, le sexe et 'histoire familiale. La concentration sérique de la drogue évaluée au moment de 5 convulsions fébriles se situait dans la moyenne thérapeutique des adultes, et même plus haut. II est possible que la diphénylhydantoïne (plus de 10 μg/ml dans le sérum) empêche 'apparition des crises sévères. Chez les enfants qui avaient moins de deux ans avant le traitement ou lorsqu'ils étaient insuffisamment traités (moins de 10 μg/ml) 21% des crises etaient très graves; 8% des convulsions à 'âge de 2–3 ans étaient graves. Aucune des 14 crises fébriles chez des sujets avec des niveaux de diphénylhydantoïne suffisants étaient graves. Chez trois sujets traités correctement des 'âge de trois ans ou plus, la diphénylhydantoïne a probablement évité des convulsions fébriles. Deux 'entre eux avaient des crises très nombreuses qui on...
Summary Mice susceptible to audiogenic seizures (DBA strain) and mice not susceptible (C57 strain) were tested by elevating the body temperature. At 30 days of age 64% of the DBA mice developed convulsions and one‐quarter died, whereas only 1 of 20 of the C57 mice had a convulsion although one‐fifth died. At 20 days 15% of DBA mice had a convulsion, at 40 days none did. Mice of the DBA strain thus seem to be a valid animal model of febrile convulsions in humans. At the age of peak susceptibility to convulsions, but not before or after, the brains of DBA mice had marked diminution in (Na, K)‐activated ATPase, diminished concentration of K+, diminished K+‐stimulated release of GABA, and diminished oxygen uptake. The neurochemical alterations point to a genetically determined age‐dependent enzyme deficit in the brain with resultant ionic and metabolic changes that might contribute to seizure susceptibility. RÉsumé On a testé des souris susceptibles (souche DBA) ou non (souche C57) de faire des crises audiogènes en élévant la température corporelle. A l'âge de 30 jours, 64% des souris de la souche DBA présentait des convulsions et 1/4 mourrait, tandis que seulement une souris sur 20 de la souche C57 avait des crises bien qu'un cinquième mourrait. A 20 jours d'âge, 15% des souris susceptibles avaient une crise, et à 40 jours aucune n'en présentait. Les souris de la souche DBA semblent done être un modèle animal valable pour l'étude des crises fébriles convulsives chez lliomme. A l'âge où la susceptibilityéà faire des convulsions est à son maximum, mais ni avant ni après, les cerveaux des souris de la souche DBA présentent une importante diminution en ATPase (Na, K)‐activée, une diminution du GABA libére par K+, et une diminution de la consommation en O2. Les modifications biochimiques pourraient mettre en évidence le déficit d'une enzyme cérébral génétiquement déterminée et dépendant de l'lâge, avec pour conséquences de modifications ioniques et métaboliques pouvant contribuer à la susceptibilityé aux crises. RESUMEN Mediante la elevación de la temperatura corporal se han estuidiado ratones susceptibles de tener ataques audiogenicos (raza DBA) y tambien ratones no susceptibles (raza C57). A los 30 dfas de edad un 64% de los ratones susceptibles (DBA) desarrollaron convulsiones y un 25% murieron, mientras que solamente 1 de los 20 ratones no susceptibles (C57) tuvieron convulsiones, aunque un 20% murieron. A los 20 días de edad, 15% de los ratones DBA tuvieron una convulsión y a los 40 días ninguno tuvo ataques. Así pues el ratón DBA parece ser un modelo animal válido para el estudio de las convulsiones febriles en humanos. A la edad de máxima susceptibilidad para convulsiones, y no antes o despues, los cerebros de los ratones DBA mostraron: gran reduccion de la (Na, K)‐activada ATPasa; disminución de la concentración de K+; descenso de la liberación de GABA, estimulada por el K+ y reduccion de la utilización de O2. Estas alteraciones neuroquimicas sugieren un defecto enzimático cerebral, genéticamente determ...
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