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Bone reconstruction in the oral and maxillofacial region presents particular challenges related to the development of biomaterials with osteoinductive properties and suitable physical characteristics for their surgical use in irregular bony defects. In this work, the preparation and bioactivity of chitosan–gelatin (ChG) hydrogel beads loaded with either bioactive glass nanoparticles (nBG) or mesoporous bioactive glass nanospheres (nMBG) were studied. In vitro testing of the bionanocomposite beads was carried out in simulated body fluid, and through viability and osteogenic differentiation assays using dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs). In vivo bone regenerative properties of the biomaterials were assessed using a rat femoral defect model and compared with a traditional maxillary allograft (Puros®). ChG hydrogel beads containing homogeneously distributed BG nanoparticles promoted rapid bone—like apatite mineralization and induced the osteogenic differentiation of DPSCs in vitro. The bionanocomposite beads loaded with either nBG or nMBG also produced a greater bone tissue formation in vivo as compared to Puros® after 8 weeks of implantation. The osteoinductivity capacity of the bionanocomposite hydrogel beads coupled with their physical properties make them promissory for the reconstruction of irregular and less accessible maxillary bone defects.

Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) was reported in the 1960's to affect Meyer lemon trees in Chile, but no field symptoms were observed. This study performed a complete biological, serological and molecular characterization of one hundred CTV isolates obtained from different hosts and geographical origins. Decline symptoms (DI) were not found on trees grafted onto sour orange. In Pica Oasis in northern Chile, stem pitting (SP) was found to affect grapefruit and Mexican lime trees. Most isolates present in the central area were considered mild (MCA-13-negative), while in the northern area aggressive isolates were observed and detected. Some of these isolates were capable of causing SP on grapefruit under field and greenhouse conditions and on sweet orange under greenhouse conditions. Almost all of these isolates were MCA13-positive and had nucleotide sequences associated with the VT genotype.

El delito de ocupación pacífica de inmuebles del artículo 245.2 CP ha sido objeto de opiniones contrapuestas, tanto en la doctrina como en la práctica forense y esta discrepancia se ha plasmado en la interpretación de sus elementos por parte de los órganos judiciales. Esta controversia se refleja también en las Proposiciones de Ley de reforma. Frente a las propuestas despenalizadores iniciales, las presentadas en los últimos años abogan por endurecer el castigo, ante el incesante incremento de estas conductas en algunas ciudades y la alarma creada por los medios de comunicación. A ello se suma la indignación ciudadana por los problemas de convivencia que en algunos casos generan, junto a la ineficacia de la normativa actual para reintegrar el inmueble y la demanda de protección por parte de las entidades bancarias y de inversión excluidas de la nueva medida civil dirigida a la inmediata recuperación de la vivienda. Pues bien, el incremento penológico que incluyen las recientes Proposiciones de Ley vulnera el principio de prohibición de exceso, en tanto responde a motivos pragmáticos alejados de los fines preventivos que presiden el Derecho penal.

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