Flow state is a positive mental state during which people are highly motivated and absorbed in their activity. This construct has been linked to the creative personality. Creative people differ from each other, but what they share is that they love what they do due to the pure pleasure they derive from their activity. We studied the possible relationship between people with high ability (HA) who dedicate themselves to music (students or professionals) and the flow state that occurs while they are engaged in musical activities (concert or informal event). The “Flow State for Musical Performers” (Estado de Fluidez para Intérpretes Musicales—EFIM) was used in this study. The scores of musicians with HA were compared with those of musicians who are not identified as HA. The study used a sample of 101 Spanish people (HA 28.7%, general population 71.3%). No significant statistical differences were identified in any of the EFIM subscales, except regarding the Loss of Self-Consciousness. This suggests a relationship between HA and the experience of flow, particularly with regard to loss of self-consciousness, but also with characteristics of the creative personality (capacity for enjoyment, attention and learning). Limitations of the study and future lines of research are presented.

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Presentamos el caso de una niña de siete años tratada de encopresis secundaria mediante práctica positiva, moldeado, sobrecorrección y refuerzo positivo, minimizando el uso del castigo. Los episodios de encopresis quedaron reducidos a cero al quinto mes de la intervención, consiguiéndose, también, mejorar su aseo personal, aumentar el número de interacciones positivas con sus compañeros y reducir la emisión de conductas inadecuadas (levantarse, agredir, interrumpir, tirar objetos), todo ello en el contexto escolar al que se circunscribe la intervención. No obstante, se ha observado una notable interferencia entre la intervención y la consecución de los objetivos específicamente educativos.Palabras clave: Encopresis secundaria, tratamiento conductual. Intervention ofa secondary encopresis case in the school contextA girl of seven years oíd was treated of secondary encopresis through positive practico and positive reinforcement, minimizing the use of the punishment. The encopresis episodes remained reduced to zero to the fifth month of the intervention. Also in the school context, was improved her personal bathroom, was increased the number of positive interactions with their companions and was reduced the improper conduct emission (be lifted, assaulted, interrupted, pulled objects). Nevertheless, it has been observed a notable interference between the intervention and the achievement of the educational goals in particular.

Cuarenta y dos fumadores fueron sometidos a un tratamiento psicológico para dejar de fumar (López de la Llave y Buceta, 1996; López de la Llave, Buceta y Pérez-Llantada, 1997). Como parte de esta intervención, se tomaron medidas de monóxido de carbono en cada sesión de tratamiento. La mitad de la muestra (veintiuno) recibió/eecífaac¿ inmediato de estas medidas, mientras que la otra mitad sólo conoció estos datos finalizada la intervención. El tratamiento duró aproximadamente dos meses, y a partir de ese momento se realizaron seguimientos a los seis y doce meses. Los sujetos que recibieron feedback mostraron una adherencia mayor al tratamiento y un índice de abstinencia también mayor al finalizar la intervención que los que fueron tratados sin ese elemento. Sin embargo, en la línea de otros estudios, las tasas de abstinencia fueron disminuyendo progresivamente después del tratamiento, sin que se observaran diferencias relevantes entre ambas condiciones experimentales. Se concluye que el feedback de monóxido de carbono puede incidir positivamente en la motivación de los sujetos durante el tratamiento, pero que son otros elementos de la intervención los que deben afectar directamente a la consecución y el mantenimiento de los beneficios terapéuticos.Palabras clave: Tabaquismo, tratamiento psicológico, feedback de monóxido de carbono, CO. Evaluation ofa psychological treatment program for smoking: effect ofCO feedbackForty two smokers were exposed to a psychological treatment for smoking (López de la Llave y Buceta, 1996; López de la Llave, Buceta y Pérez-Llantada, 1997). Measures of CO in expired air were taken in each treatment session. Half of the sample (twenty one subjects) received immediate feedback of these measures, whereas the other half only knew this Information after treatment. The intervention approximately lasted two months, and from the end of treatment six and twelve month follow ups were carried out. Subjects receiving feedback showed better adherence during treatment and also higher abstinence just after intervention. However, in the same direction of previous studies, abstinence progressively decreased after treatment, and no relevant differences between the two experimental conditions were found. The authors suggest that feedback may positively affect motivation during treatment, but other factors of treatment should be considered the ones that directly influence the achievement and maintenance of therapeutic benefits.

RESUMENCuarenta y dos fumadores fueron sometidos a un programa de tratamiento psicológico para dejar de fumar de fbmia gradual. Veintidós de ellos, fueron tratados mediante un método basado en la descomposición de los mecanismos psicológicos responsables del mantenimiento del hábito de fumar, y la preparación de los fumadores para la abstinencia (gmpo DHF), y los restantes veinte participantes, mediante un método más tradicional, basado en el establecimiento de objetivos progresivos de reducción del consumo (gmpo RGT). Los resultados mostraron la superioridad del tratamiento DHF, con un porcentaje mayor de sujetos abstinentes al finalizar el tratamiento y en los seguimientos realizados a los tres, seis y doce meses. Ambos métodos fueron eficaces para lograr reducir el consumo de cigarrillos de los sujetos que no lograron eliminar el hábito. En la discusión se plantea la contribución de estos resultados en el contexto del tratamiento psicológico para dejar de fumar. Palabra* clave: Dejar de Fumar, tratamiento psicológico, reducción gradual. ABSTRACTForty two smolcers were exposed to psychological treatment for the gradual elimlnation of smol(ing. Twenty two of them, were treated using a method based both on debilitating psychological mechanisms considerad responsible of the maintenance of this habit, and the preparation of smokers for abstinence (group DHF), and the other twenty subjects, were treated through a more traditional method, based on setting progressive goals relaíed to reduction (group RGT). Results showed the superiorlty of the treatment DHF, with a hlgher percentage of abstinent subjects at the end of treatment and at fotlowup three, six and tweive months later. Both methods were efficient to reduce the rete of cigarettes smoked per day, in subjects who did not manage to elimínate smoking. The results are discussed in the context of their contribution to the psychological treatment of smoking.