Densities have been measured for the system IV,lV-dimethylacetamide (DMA) + water at 25 °C. The values have been converted to excess molar volumes. The values for water-rich mixtures were found to agree well with the more sparse results given in earlier publications. For equimolar and amide-rich mixtures the additional measurements reported here complement the previous results. The present measurements seem to confirm an earlier observation that the value of the apparent molar volume of DMA, at infinite dilution in water, is significantly lower than would be predicted on the basis of a simple group additivity scheme. The results of some molecular modeling computations of various small amides seem to support the suggestion that DMA is a particularly crowded molecule.
The role of the male rat pubococcygeus muscle (Pcm) in the micturition reflex was analyzed. Anatomical features of Pcm, electrical stimulation of its nerve, electrical recording and stimulation of the muscle and cystometrograms were carried out. Results showed that Pcm has fibers attached to the ventrolateral part of the external urethral sphincter, and that its activity contributes to hold the tail in the midline. Pcm shows activity during fluid expulsion in cystometrograms and spontaneous micturitions. This activity produced reflex inhibition of detrusor contraction and was not the cause of intravesical high frequency oscillations. Thus, it is proposed that Pcm activity produces the discharge of its afferents which in turn activates a spinal reflex to promote continence.
El objetivo del artículo consiste en develar las creencias pedagógicas sobre enseñanza, aprendizaje y evaluación que subyacen a las prácticas del aula en una escuela rural mapuche, región de la Araucanía, Chile. Este trabajo corresponde a un estudio de caso que se suscribe en la investigación educativa. Las personas participantes son docentes que se desempeñan desde el nivel transición hasta 6° año básico en las asignaturas de Lenguaje y Comunicación e Historia, Geografía y Ciencias Sociales. Para recoger información sobre las creencias del profesorado se utilizó un cuestionario de escala tipo Likert. Además, se observaron clases utilizando registros etnográficos para un análisis de contenido. A partir de los resultados aplicados en el test se visualiza que coexisten en el pensamiento del equipo docente contradicciones sobre creencias de enseñanza, aprendizaje y evaluación desde enfoques educativos conductistas y constructivistas. Sin embargo, al contemplar las prácticas de aula predomina un enfoque conductista con actividades descontextualizadas del mundo rural y mapuche, centradas en el profesorado, en la reproducción de información y dando énfasis a la evaluación sumativa como resultado de aprendizaje. A modo de conclusión, este caso refleja que predominan en el aula las creencias pedagógicas conductista del profesorado por sobre aquellas representaciones asociadas al enfoque constructivista.
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