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The 2021 UNIDIR Outer Space Security Conference (OS21) was held on 27 and 28 September 2021 both virtually and in person at the Palais des Nations in Geneva, Switzerland. The central conversations at OS21 are condensed in this document, as well as several key takeaway points.

Post Conference Report for UNIDIR's Outer Space Security Conference 2021, held the 27 and 28 September 2021. The discussion over the course of OS21 is summarised in this document, which also identifies key takeaway points.

Support from UNIDIR core funders provides the foundation for all of the Institute's activities.This project is supported by the Government of the United Kingdom. UNIDIR would also like to thank Ralf Trapp, Renata Hessmann Dalaqua and James Revill and the anonymous reviewers for their comments and suggestions on earlier drafts of this report. Thanks also to Cécile Aptel for editorial support and to Vivienne Zhang for assisting in the production of this report. ABOUT UNIDIRUNIDIR is a voluntarily funded, autonomous institute within the United Nations. One of the few policy institutes worldwide focusing on disarmament, UNIDIR generates knowledge and promotes dialogue and action on disarmament and security. Based in Geneva, UNIDIR assists the international community to develop the practical, innovative ideas needed to find solutions to critical security problems. NOTEThe designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in the publication are the sole responsibility of the individual authors. They do not necessarily reflect the views or opinions of the United Nations, UNIDIR, its staff members or sponsors.

Progress in international cooperation under Article X of the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) is a prerequisite for success at the Ninth BWC Review Conference. This requires fresh thinking around options for Article X. To this end, UNIDIR sought input from a diverse range of experts on ideas for advancing Article X, with a particular focus on the promotional aspects of this important article. Building on the contributions of authors, this report outlines ten concrete ideas for States Parties to consider in seeking to enhance the implementation of Article X of the Biological Weapons Convention.