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In this paper, we have employed data from the OECD's Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA, 2012 edition) on the EU-15 countries in order to investigate the relationship between (i) the way in which students use ICT at home for school-related purposes and (ii) their test scores in reading, mathematics and science. By employing two different econometric techniquesnamely, propensity score matching and instrumental variableswe can provide evidence that in most countries there is an association between using computers intensely for homework and achieving lower test scores across all subjects. No clear pattern emerges for differences between students with higher socioeconomic status (SES) and their low-SES counterparts, although some models suggest that the negative effect of using ICT at home is slightly greater for high-SES students. These findings suggest that a more cautious approach should be taken with regards to the widespread use of digital innovation as a means to support students' out-of-school work. Such an indication can potentially suggest that teachers should be trained to integrate this practice effectively into their strategies for assigning homework.

El objetivo de este estudio fue diseñar e implementar un contexto de evaluación formativa sobre un trabajo en grupo basado en la autorregulación del aprendizaje a través de las prácticas beneficiosas que expone la literatura y los retos que se plantean de cara a la próxima década. Se llevó a cabo una investigación cuantitativa a través de dos cuestionarios que midieron la capacidad de autorregulación y la forma de trabajar en grupo, con 88 estudiantes del Grado en Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte. Los resultados muestran que la forma de trabajar en equipo reportada por los estudiantes no tuvo un impacto en la calificación obtenida en su trabajo. Por otro lado, una mayor capacidad de autorregulación en su estilo de aprendizaje y un mayor empleo de los criterios de evaluación resultaron significativos, alcanzando una calificación superior. No se encontraron diferencias en relación con la dimensión de evitación de la autorregulación. Se discuten las implicaciones teóricas y educativas.

Empirical evidence mostly describes the negative effects of grade repetition on academic performance. Nevertheless, the international use of this educational policy is still widespread. In this study, drawing on data for the Spanish case, we provide additional evidence on the need to consider different policies to grade repetition in order to enhance the achievement of low-performers. These alternative policies should be based on two main principles: individualized treatment and early intervention. Results have been achieved from the application of a novel methodology which allows to combine microdata from two international educational assessments.