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This study evaluated the efficiency of a shallow (0.5 m deep) waste stabilization pond series to remove high concentrations of ammonia from sanitary landfill leachate. The pond system was located at EXTRABES, Campina Grande, Paraiba, Northeast Brazil. The pond series was fed with sanitary landfill leachate transported by road tanker to the experimental site from the sanitary landfill of the City of Joao Pessoa, Paraiba. The ammoniacal-N surface loading on the first pond of the series was equivalent to 364 kg ha(-1) d(-1) and the COD surface loading equivalent to 3,690 kg ha(-1) d(-1). The maximum mean ammonia removal efficiency was 99.5% achieved by the third pond in the series which had an effluent concentration of 5.3 mg L(-1) ammoniacal-N for an accumulative HRT of 39.5 days. The removal process was mainly attributed to ammonia volatilization (stripping) from the pond surfaces as a result of high surface pH values and water temperatures of 22-26°C. Shallow pond systems would appear to be a promising technology for stripping ammonia from landfill leachate under tropical conditions.

RESUMO:Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar o desempenho de reator anaeróbio compartimentado no tratamento de resíduos sólidos orgânicos com baixa concentração de sólidos. O reator anaeróbio compartimentado possuía capacidade unitária de 2.200 litros, era dividido em seis câmaras de iguais dimensões e foi operado com tempo de retenção de sólidos de 90 dias. Os resíduos sólidos orgânicos utilizados para alimentação do reator eram constituídos de resíduos sólidos vegetais e de lodo de esgoto sanitário na proporção de 80% e 20%, respectivamente. A mistura desses dois tipos de resíduos originava o substrato, o qual, após a correção da umidade para 95% (percentagem em massa), era alimentado ao reator. A eficiência de redução de material carbonáceo situou-se em torno de 80%, com carga orgânica aplicada de 9,3 kg R SO m -3 dia -1 . A taxa de produção de biogás obtida foi de 5,6 L kg -1 substrato (base úmida), com percentagem em volume de 50% de gás metano. PALAVRAS -CHAVE:reator anaeróbio compartimentado, biogás, resíduos sólidos orgânicos. ANAEROBIC TREATMENT OF ORGANIC WASTES WITH LOW CONCENTRATION OF SOLIDSABSTRACT: The object of this study was to evaluate the use of a compartmented anaerobic reactor to treat organic solid waste with low concentration of solids. The reactor with a total capacity of 2.200 liters, divided into 6 equal chambers, was operated at a solid retention time of 90 days. The organic solids used to feed the reactor were comprised by vegetable residues and sanitary sludge in the proportion 80% and 20% respectively. The mixture of these two types of residues after the humidity correction to 95% (percentage by weight) was used to feed the reactor. The removal efficiency of carbonaceous material was approximately 80% at an organic loading of 9.3 kg residual organic solids m -3 d -1 . The rate of biogas production was 5.6 L kg -1 substrate (wet weight) with a methane concentration of 50% by volume. KEYWORDS: compartmented anaerobic reactor, biogas, organic solid waste. INTRODUÇÃOOs problemas inerentes à taxa de produção per capita e a composição gravimétrica, física e química dos resíduos sólidos, principalmente dos resíduos sólidos urbanos, envolvem questões de natureza social, econômica, política e cultural. Em países subdesenvolvidos ou em fase retardada de desenvolvimento, os resíduos sólidos urbanos têm-se tornado problema gravíssimo de saneamento básico e até mesmo de saúde pública.Segundo IBGE (2001), no Brasil, são produzidos em média 125 mil toneladas de resíduos sólidos domiciliares por dia. Desse total, cerca de 20% não são coletados regularmente e, dos 80% coletados, apenas 28 mil toneladas são destinadas de forma racional, sendo a maior fração disposta em aterro sanitário e pequena parcela tratada em usina de compostagem.

The Sludge Treatment Project (STP), managed by CH2M Hill Plateau Remediation Company (CHPRC) has specified base formulations for non-radioactive sludge simulants for use in the development and testing of equipment for sludge sampling, retrieval, transport, and processing. In general, the simulant formulations are based on the average or design-basis physical and chemical properties obtained by characterizing sludge samples. The simulants include surrogates for uranium metal, uranium oxides (agglomerates and fine particulate), and the predominant chemical phases (iron and aluminum hydroxides, sand). Specific surrogate components were selected to match the nominal particle-size distribution and particle-density data obtained from sludge sample analysis.Under contract to CHPRC, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) has performed physical and rheological characterization of simulants, and the results are reported here. Two base simulant types (dry) were prepared by STP staff at the Maintenance and Storage Facility and received by PNNL on February 12, 2009: Settler Tank Simulant and KW Container Sludge Simulant. The objectives of this simulant characterization effort were to provide baseline characterization data on simulants being used by STP for process development and equipment testing and provide a high-level comparison of the simulant characteristics to the targets used to formulate the simulants. v SummaryThe Sludge Treatment Project (STP), managed by CH2M Hill Plateau Remediation Company (CHPRC), has specified base formulations for non-radioactive sludge simulants for use in developing and testing equipment for sludge sampling, retrieval, transport, and processing. The simulant compositions are documented in a memorandum that is included in Appendix A.(a) In general, the simulant formulations are based on the average or design-basis physical and chemical properties obtained through characterization of actual sludge samples. The simulants include surrogates for uranium metal, uranium oxides (agglomerates and fine particulate), and the predominant chemical phases (iron and aluminum hydroxides, sand). Specific surrogate components were selected to match the nominal particle-size distribution (PSD) and particle-density data obtained from sludge sample analysis.Under contract to CHPRC, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) has performed physical and rheological characterization of simulants, and the results are reported here. Two base simulant types (dry) were prepared by STP staff at the Maintenance and Storage Facility (MASF) and received by PNNL on February 12, 2009: settler tank simulant, and KW container sludge simulant. To support rheological characterization, the KW container simulant was provided as several discrete samples: whole PSD and simulant sieved at 500 µm. Settler sludge simulant only contains particles less than 600 µm; therefore, size fractionation of this simulant was not required.The objectives of this simulant characterization effort were: 1) Provide baseline characteriza...

SummaryEquipment development and demonstration testing for sludge retrieval is being conducted by the K Basin Sludge Treatment Project (STP) at the MASF (Maintenance and Storage Facility) using sludge simulants. For this testing, the STP has identified that simulant shear strength is a key parameter that must be bounded to verify the operability and performance of retrieval systems. K Basin sludge material contains both fine and larger grain particles, and the shear strength measurements show that frictional forces are a very significant contributor. Consequently, large volumes of simulant loaded into prototypical vessels at depths of 1 to several feet are expected to exhibit higher shear strength than laboratory samples in small containers. To confirm this assumption, STP has procured a portable torque/vane system (Humboldt Geovane hand held, manually-operated, soil shear strength tester Model H-4221) that can be used to obtain in situ shear strength measurements in prototype systems.In testing performed at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (under contract with the CH2M Hill Plateau Remediation Company), the performance of the Geovane instrument was successfully benchmarked against the M5 Haake rheometer using a series of simulants with shear strengths (τ) ranging from about 700 to 22,000 Pa (shaft corrected). Data obtained for the settler simulant have been excluded from the calculation of the correlation factor reported here. The M5 unit used for this testing is equivalent to similar systems previously used for measurements on actual sludge samples and simulants. It has been demonstrated that the Geovane gives similar shear strength values compared to the M5 Haake rheometer. Analysis of the data obtained from the hand held device has enabled the device to be scaled to the M5.An average correlation factor of 0.96 (i.e., τ M /τ H ) has been determined for the hand held Geovane device for the data obtained in this investigation. The bounding scaling factors are 0.68 and 1.23 based on lower and upper 95% confidence limits for exceedance, respectively.The minimum shear strength required from the Geovane to make certain that a true shear strength of 12.2 kPa is measured, where true shear strength is defined here as the best estimate based on the analysis of the M5 shear strength readings, can be calculated with the lower bounding scaling factor. Hence, a minimum Geovane reading of 17.9 kPa would confirm that simulant loaded into large-scale test systems exhibits shear strengths equivalent to or in excess of 12.2 kPa (i.e., the STP established bounding target.(a)