The assumption that taxonomy can be ascertained by starch granule shape and size has persisted unchallenged since the late nineteenth and early twentieth century biochemistry. More recent work has established that granule morphological affinity is scattered throughout phylogenetic branches, morphotype proportions vary within the genus, granules from closely related genera can differ dramatically in shape, and size variations do not reflect phylogenetic relationships. This situation is confounded by polymorphism at the species and tissue level, resulting in redundancy and multiplicity.This paper classifies morphological features of starch granules from 77 species, 31 families, and 22 orders across three African ecoregions. This is the largest starch reference collection published to date, rendering the dataset uniquely well suited to explore i) the diagnostic power of unique morphometric classifiers and their frequency, ii) morphotypes that cut across taxonomic boundaries, and iii) issues surrounding the minimum counts needed to accurately reflect granule polymorphism, variability, and identification.In a collection of 23,100 granules, taxonomic identification occurred very rarely. In the instances it did, it was at the species level, with no occurrences of a single morphotype or complement identifying all species within a family or genus. Some families cannot be uniquely identified, and morphometric types are shared despite taxonomic distance for three quarters of the taxa. However, this reference collection boasts 98 unique identifiers located in the Arecaceae, Convolvulaceae, Cyperaceae, Dioscoreaceae, Fabaceae, Musaceae, Pedaliaceae, Poaceae, and Zamiaceae.

The African Early Stone Age record, including that of Oldupai Gorge, reveals widespread evidence for hominin exploitation of quartzose lithic raw materials such as quartzite. However, few studies have sought to characterize these rock types grounded on the assumption that they are not amenable for provenance studies. Through the use of macroscopic, petrographic, and EDXRF analysis, we characterize source material from five quartzitic outcrops belonging to the Mozambique Belt adjacent to Oldupai Gorge. Our results show that certain macroscopic varieties strictly occur at some outcrops while petrographic analyses reveal that accessory minerals may be outcrop-specific pending a greater sample size. Statistical interrogation of the geochemical data through linear correlations, ANOVA tests, and PCA, show that there are inter- and intra-outcrop differences, and elemental concentrations characteristic of certain outcrops. This multi-scalar approach provides a reproducible classificatory framework for future characterization studies and archaeological testing at Oldupai Gorge to shed light on hominin paleoenvironmental exploitation and paleoecological behavior.

The exploration of the relationships between the determinants of entrepreneurship was the objective of this work. A non-experimental study was carried out with a non-probabilistic selection of 300 coffee farmers affiliated to the microfinance program. Is observed a structure of five factors: representations, habitus, fields, capital, capabilities and enterprise that explained 54% of the total variance explained, although the research design limited findings local scenario, suggesting the inclusion of variables that the literature identifies sociodemographic and socioeconomic variables to establish entrepreneurial profiles according to risk events; landslides, fires, droughts, floods, frosts or earthquakes

La calidad y las tarifas de servicios municipales son un tema central en la agenda de desarrollo local y gobernanza de la formación para la sustentabilidad, pero la literatura correspondiente parece destacar la relación entre la identidad y el entorno como determinantes de una evaluación del sistema de gestión hídrica estatal y la administración del servicio público correspondiente. De esta manera, el objetivo del presente artículo fue establecer un modelo para el estudio de la percepción de la calidad y las tarifas de servicios municipales, a fin de poder destacar la importancia de las diferencias y similitudes entre los gobernantes y los gobernados en el marco de la escasez de agua, la contaminación de los mantos acuíferos y la sobreexplotación de los cuerpos de agua. Se realizó un estudio documental con una selección no probabilística de fuentes indexadas a repositorios nacionales, considerando el periodo de publicación de 2000 a 2017, así como la inclusión de las palabras clave, siguiendo la técnica Delphi para la especificación del modelo. Se advierte una línea de investigación comparativa entre los factores esgrimidos en la revisión de la literatura.

The objective of this study was to carry out a systematic review of the literature to reveal the policies of metropolitan mobility and peri-urban health, focusing the discussion on the effects of public transport safety on the health of users. The purpose of the study is to carry out a systematic review of the random effects of public transport on the health of users in order to test the hypothesis of homogeneity. A documentary, retrospective and meta-analytic study was carried out with a non-probabilistic selection of indexed sources published from 2010 to 2019 and search with the key words. Findings show prevalence of data that sustain the non-exposure to risk events derived from mobility policies in public transport safety and the health of users. Political comparisons reveal the prevention of the effects of risk events on the health of users. In conclusion, mobility policies, focused on the effects of transport safety on the health of users, do not recognize the risks of exposure or the short, medium and long-term consequences.