Landslides are one of the most widespread geohazards in Europe, producing significant social and economic impacts. Rapid population growth in urban areas throughout many countries in Europe and extreme climatic scenarios can considerably increase landslide risk in the near future. Variability exists between European countries in both the statutory treatment of landslide risk and the use of official assessment guidelines. This suggests that a European Landslides Directive that provides a common legal framework for dealing with landslides is necessary. With this long-term goal in mind, this work analyzes the landslide databases from the Geological Surveys of Europe focusing on their interoperability and completeness. The same landslide classification could be used for the 849,543 landslide records from the Geological Surveys, from which 36% are slides, 10% are falls, 20% are flows, 11% are complex slides, and 24% either remain unclassified or correspond to another typology. Most of them are mapped with the same symbol at a scale of 1:25,000 or greater, providing the necessary information to elaborate European-scale susceptibility maps for each landslide type. A landslide density map was produced for the available records from the Geological Surveys (LANDEN map) showing, for the first time, 210,544km 2 landslide-prone areas and 23,681 administrative areas where the Geological Surveys from Europe have recorded landslides. The comparison of this map with the European landslide susceptibility map (ELSUS 1000 v1) is successful for most of the territory (69.7%) showing certain variability between countries. This comparison also permitted the identification of 0.98Mkm 2 (28.9%) of landslide-susceptible areas without records from the Geological Surveys, which have been used to evaluate the landslide database completeness. The estimated completeness of the landslide databases (LDBs) from the Geological Surveys is 17%, varying between 1 and 55%. This variability is due to the different landslide strategies adopted by each country. In some of them, landslide mapping is systematic; others only record damaging landslides, whereas in others, landslide maps are only available for certain regions or local areas. Moreover, in most of the countries, LDBs from the Geological Surveys co-exist with others owned by a variety of public institutions producing LDBs at variable scales and formats. Hence, a greater coordination effort should be made by all the institutions working in landslide mapping to increase data integration and harmonization.
In the last few years, several advances have been made in the use of radar images to detect, map and monitor ground deformations. DInSAR (Differential Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry) and A-DInSAR/PSI (Advanced DInSAR/Persistent Scatterers Interferometry) technologies have been successfully applied in the study of deformation phenomena induced by, for example, active tectonics, volcanic activity, ground water exploitation, mining, and landslides, both at local and regional scales. In this paper, the existing European Space Agency (ESA) archives (acquired as part of the FP7-DORIS project), which were collected by the ERS-1/2 and ENVISAT satellites operating in the microwave C-band, were analyzed and exploited to understand the dynamics of landslide and subsidence phenomena. In particular, this paper presents the results obtained as part of the FP7-DORIS project to demonstrate that the full exploitation of very long deformation time series (more than 15 years) can play a key role in understanding the dynamics of natural and human-induced hazards.
Zarys treści: W artykule przedstawiono próbę ilościowej i jakościowej oceny morfodynamiki fragmentu wysokiego wybrzeża zlokalizowanego na wschód od portu w Ustce. W tym celu przeanalizowano zmienność przebiegu górnej krawędzi klifu w Orzechowie w różnych skalach czasowych. Wielkość erozji określano na podstawie map archiwalnych oraz przeprowadzonych w terenie serii pomiarowych LiDAR z wykorzystaniem naziemnego skaningu laserowego. W oparciu o wielkość erozji wyznaczano uśrednione tempo erozji klifu [m a ] dla każdego umownego profilu prostopadłego do brzegu. Zaprezentowana metoda umożliwia porównanie tempa postępującej erozji klifów wybrzeży Bałtyku w sposób jednolity, niezależnie od budowy geologicznej, wysokości czy ekspozycji zboczy.Słowa kluczowe: morfodynamika, klif, erozja, teledetekcja, LiDAR Abstract: The aim of this paper was quantitative and qualitative investigation of morphodynamics of high coast located to the east of the Ustka harbour. Therefore, the course variability of top margins of the Orzechowo Cliff became analysed at different time scales. The magnitude of erosion was obtained from archival maps and/or LiDAR field measurements using terrestrial laser scanner. Based on the magnitude of erosion, the average recession rate of the cliff [m a ] was determined for every hypothetical profile perpendicular to the shore. The presented approach provides the possibility to compare the recession rates of cliffs of the Baltic coast in a uniform manner, regardless of geological structure, elevation, or slope exposure. Keywords: morphodynamics, cliff, erosion, remote sensing, LiDARWstęp W skali długofalowej model mający na celu określe-nie reakcji wybrzeży zbudowanych z utworów słabo skonsolidowanych (Carpenter i in. 2014) na wahania poziomu morza i falowanie przeanalizowany przez Trenhaile'a (2010) wskazuje, że wzrost poziomu morza w największym stopniu przyspieszy recesję klifów, podczas gdy wzrost częstotliwości sztormów może odpowiadać za niewielki wzrost tempa erozji. Jednakże w odniesieniu do południowego Bałty-ku, który uznawany jest za morze bezpływowe, to krótko okresowe czynniki morfogenetyczne (pręd-kość i kierunek wiatru, stan i poziom morza, intensywność opadów, poziom wód gruntowych) i stopień antropopresji kształtują wybrzeża w najbardziej zauważalny sposób, głównie poprzez oddziaływanie ekstremalnych zjawisk meteorologicznych -sztormów i długotrwałych ulewnych deszczy (Zawadzka-Kahlau 1999, Florek i in. 2008, Kostrzewski i in. 2015. Wpływają one na polską strefę brzegową, prowadząc do degradacji rozległych obszarów. W takich warunkach może dochodzić do wynoszenia znacznych ilości materiału osadowego. Naturalną reakcją wybrzeża na warunki sztormowe jest systematyczny rozwój platformy abrazyjnej oraz erozja podbrzeża, brzegu i nadbrzeża, a więc i sukcesywna recesja klifów.Ograniczanie skutków erozji jest niezwykle istotne, zwłaszcza z punktu widzenia zachowania wy-
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