cFFR is accurate in predicting the functional significance of coronary stenosis. This could allow limiting the use of adenosine to obtain FFR to a minority of stenoses with considerable savings of time and costs.

Radiofrequency (RF) catheter ablation is the treatment of choice in patients with accessory pathways (APs) and Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Endocardial catheter ablation has limitations, including the inability to map and ablate intramural or subepicardial APs. Some of these difficulties can be overcome using an epicardial approach performed through the epicardial venous system or by percutaneous catheterisation of the pericardial space. When a suspected left inferior or infero-paraseptal AP is refractory to ablation or no early activation is found at the endocardium, a transvenous approach via the coronary sinus is warranted because such epicardial pathways can be in close proximity to the coronary venous system. Associated congenital abnormalities, such as right atrial appendage, right ventricle diverticulum, coronary sinus diverticulum and absence of coronary sinus ostium, may also hamper a successful outcome. Percutaneous epicardial subxiphoid approach should be considered when endocardial or transvenous mapping and ablation fails. Epicardial mapping may be successful. It can guide and enhance the effectiveness of endocardial ablation. The finding of no epicardial early activation leads to a more persistent new endocardial attempt. When both endocardial and epicardial ablation are unsuccessful, open-chest surgery is the only option to eliminate the AP.

The presence of ED assessed by PAT 24 h after P-PCI in patients with STEMI is associated with larger infarcts, lower LVEF, higher WMSI and higher prevalence of MVO.

Left ventricular pseudoaneurysm is a rare complication of acute myocardial infarction, associated with high mortality. However, it can present in a non-specific manner, complicating and delaying the diagnosis.The authors present the case of a 65-year-old patient, hypertensive, with no other known relevant medical history, who presented with chest pain, cough and left pleural effusion, initially attributed to a pulmonary process. However, these were in fact the result of a left ventricular pseudoaneurysm following silent acute myocardial infarction. The diagnosis was suspected on echocardiography and confirmed by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, and the patient underwent successful surgical pseudoaneurysm repair.This case illustrates an atypical presentation of a left ventricular pseudoaneurysm, in which the manifestations resulted from pericardial and pleural extension of the inflammatory process associated with contained myocardial rupture. The case demonstrates the need for a high index of suspicion, and the value of imaging techniques to confirm it, in order to proceed with appropriate surgical treatment, and thus modify the course of the disease. PALAVRAS-CHAVEPseudoaneurisma do ventrículo esquerdo; Ecocardiografia; Ressonância magnética cardíaca Pseudoaneurisma ventricular esquerdo ---um desafio diagnósticoResumo O pseudoaneurisma do ventrículo esquerdo é uma complicação rara do enfarte agudo do miocárdio, associada a elevada mortalidade. No entanto, pode manifestar-se de modo inespecífico, dificultando e atrasando o seu diagnóstico. Os autores apresentam o caso de um doente de 65 anos, hipertenso, sem outros antecedentes relevantes conhecidos, em que toracalgia, tosse e derrame pleural esquerdo, inicialmente atribuídas a um processo pneumológico, foram as manifestações de um pseudoaneurisma do ventrículo esquerdo, após enfarte agudo do miocárdio silencioso. O diagnóstico foi suspeitado por ecocardiografia, confirmado por ressonância magnética cardíaca e o doente foi submetido a cirurgia de reparação do pseudoaneurisma com sucesso.Este caso ilustra uma forma de apresentação atípica de um pseudoaneurisma do ventrículo esquerdo, em que as manifestações resultaram da extensão pericárdico-pleural do processo inflamatório associada à rotura miocárdica contida. O caso demonstra a necessidade de suspeitar o diagnóstico e o valor dos vários exames de imagem para a confirmação do mesmo, de modo a possibilitar a terapêutica cirúrgica adequada e assim modificar o curso da doença.

Left ventricular pseudoaneurysm is a rare complication of acute myocardial infarction, associated with high mortality. However, it can present in a non-specific manner, complicating and delaying the diagnosis. The authors present the case of a 65-year-old patient, hypertensive, with no other known relevant medical history, who presented with chest pain, cough and left pleural effusion, initially attributed to a pulmonary process. However, these were in fact the result of a left ventricular pseudoaneurysm following silent acute myocardial infarction. The diagnosis was suspected on echocardiography and confirmed by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, and the patient underwent successful surgical pseudoaneurysm repair. This case illustrates an atypical presentation of a left ventricular pseudoaneurysm, in which the manifestations resulted from pericardial and pleural extension of the inflammatory process associated with contained myocardial rupture. The case demonstrates the need for a high index of suspicion, and the value of imaging techniques to confirm it, in order to proceed with appropriate surgical treatment, and thus modify the course of the disease.