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Context In primary aldosteronism (PA), two subtypes are distinguished: aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA) and bilateral adrenal hyperplasia (BAH). In general, these are treated by adrenalectomy (ADX) and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRA), respectively. Objective To compare the effects of surgical treatment and medical treatment on quality of life (QoL). Design Post hoc comparative effectiveness study within the Subtyping Primary Aldosteronism: A Randomized Trial Comparing Adrenal Vein Sampling and Computed Tomography Scan (SPARTACUS) trial. Setting Twelve Dutch hospitals and one Polish hospital. Participants Patients with PA (n = 184). Interventions ADX or MRAs. Main Outcome Measures At baseline and 6-month and 1-year follow-up, we assessed QoL by two validated questionnaires: RAND 36-Item Health Survey 1.0 (RAND SF-36) and European Quality of Life–5 Dimensions (EQ-5D). Results At baseline, seven of eight RAND SF-36 subscales and both summary scores, as well as three of five EQ-5D dimensions and the visual analog scale, were lower in patients with PA compared with the general population, especially in women. The beneficial effects of ADX were larger than for MRAs for seven RAND SF-36 subscales, both summary scores, and health change. For the EQ-5D, we detected a difference in favor of ADX in two dimensions and the visual analog scale. Most differences in QoL between both treatments exceeded the minimally clinically important difference. After 1 year, almost all QoL measures had normalized for adrenalectomized patients. For patients on medical treatment, most QoL measures had improved but not all to the level of the general population. Conclusion Both treatments improve QoL in PA, underscoring the importance of identifying these patients. QoL improved more after ADX for suspected APA than after initiation of medical treatment for suspected BAH.

Infliximab, golimumab, SRT, grenz rays, and electron beam caused significant nail improvement compared to the comparative treatment. Although the quality of trials was generally poor, this review may have some implications for clinical practice.Although powerful systemic treatments have been shown to be beneficial, they may have serious adverse effects. So they are not a realistic option for people troubled with nail psoriasis, unless the patient is prescribed these systemic treatments because of cutaneous psoriasis or psoriatic arthritis or the nail psoriasis is severe, refractory to other treatments, or has a major impact on the person's quality of life. Because of their design and timescale, RCTs generally do not pick up serious side-effects. This review reported only mild adverse effects, recorded mainly for systemic treatments. Radiotherapy for psoriasis is not used in common practice. The evidence for the use of topical treatments is inconclusive and of poor quality; however, this does not imply that they do not work.Future trials need to be rigorous in design, with adequate reporting. Trials should correctly describe the participants' characteristics and diagnostic features, use standard validated nail scores and participant-reported outcomes, be long enough to report efficacy and safety, and include details of effects on nail features.

Objective: Prediction models have been developed to predict either unilateral or bilateral primary aldosteronism, and these have not been validated externally. We aimed to develop a simplified score to predict both subtypes and validate this externally. Methods: Our development cohort was taken from 165 patients who underwent adrenal vein sampling (AVS) in two Asian tertiary centres. Unilateral disease was determined using both AVS and postoperative outcome. Multivariable analysis was used to construct prediction models. We validated our tool in a European cohort of 97 patients enrolled in the SPARTACUS trial who underwent AVS. Previously published prediction models were also tested in our cohorts. Results: Backward stepwise logistic regression analysis yielded a final tool using baseline aldosterone-to-lowest-potassium ratio (APR, ng/dl/mmol/l), with an area under receiver-operating characteristic curve of 0.80 (95% CI 0.70–0.89). In the Asian development cohort, probability of bilateral disease was 90.0% (with APR <5) and probability of unilateral disease was 91.4% (with APR >15). Similar results were seen in the European validation cohort. Combining both cohorts, probability of bilateral disease was 76.7% (with APR <5), and probability for unilateral was 91.7% (with APR >15). Other models had similar predictive ability but required more variables, and were less sensitive for identifying bilateral PA. Conclusion: The novel aldosterone-to-lowest-potassium ratio is a convenient score to guide clinicians and patients of various ethnicities on the probability of primary aldosteronism subtype. Using APR to identify patients more likely to benefit from AVS may be a cost-effective strategy to manage this common condition.

Occult hepatitis B virus (HBV) is defined by the presence of plasma HBV DNA in individuals with HBV core antibodies (anti-HBc), but without HBV surface antigen (HBsAg). The prevalence of occult HBV in HIV-infected patients remains controversial, and the risk factors, clinical significance and effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) are unknown. The aim of this study was to determine prevalence, risk factors, and clinical significance of occult HBV in HIV-infected patients and to evaluate the effect of HAART. Plasma HBV DNA levels were determined in 191 HIV positive, antiretroviral naïve patients, who were anti-HBc positive and HBsAg negative. Quantitative HBV DNA was determined using a Taqman real-time nested PCR. Additionally, plasma HIV RNA levels, CD4 cell counts, anti-HBs-antibodies, anti-HCV-antibodies, ALT, AST, and gammaGT were determined. Occult HBV (a plasma HBV DNA level >50 copies/ml) was detected in 9/191 (4.7%) of the patients. Among 45 anti-HBs-negative patients (isolated anti-HBc positive), the prevalence was 11.1%. Patients with occult HBV had significantly lower CD4 count compared to anti-HBc-positive/HBsAg negative/HBV DNA-negative patients (105 +/- 157 (median +/- SD) vs. 323 +/- 299 cells/mm(3), P = 0.019). When HAART (including lamivudine) was initiated in the patients with occult HBV, HBV DNA was no longer detectable in any of the patients during 3 years of follow-up. In conclusion, occult HBV was associated with low CD4 counts and may be viewed as opportunistic reactivation of HBV that resolves as a consequence of HAART induced immune reconstitution and/or the effect of lamivudine.