The protein nutrition of dairy cows is of great importance because of its direct influence on milk production, reproductive efficiency, and feeding cost. Eight first-lactation Holstein cows were randomly assigned to two contemporary 4 × 4 Latin squares in a 2 × 2 factorial design to evaluate the effects of replacing soybean meal with yeast-derived microbial protein (YMP) as a protein source (0% or 1.5% of dry matter (DM)) and its combination with slow-release urea (SRU; 0% or 0.75% of DM) on DM intake and milk production and composition, as well as blood parameters and nitrogen balance. Each experimental period lasted 28 days, with 21 days of adaptation and 7 days of data collection. The diets were formulated to attend the nutritional recommendations of the National Research Council and consisted of 49% forage (47% corn silage and 2% Tifton hay) and 51% concentrate, with 16.8% CP and 1.6 Mcal net energy for lactation/kg DM. For diets without YMP, the inclusion of SRU decreased DM intake, milk production as well as N intake and balance, but did not affect efficiency of production, milk composition or most of blood parameters. On the contrary, for diets with YMP, DM intake and milk production were increased by inclusion of SRU, while minor effects were observed for milk efficiency and composition, blood parameters as well as N intake, excretion and balance. When diets with SRU were compared, the inclusion of YMP increased DM intake, 4% fat-corrected milk, and N intake and balance (P<0.05), with no differences in milk production (kg/day), milk energy, efficiency of milk production or most of the blood parameters. For diets without SRU, YMP inclusion decreased DM intake, milk production, milk energy, N intake, fecal N and N balance (P<0.05), with no effects on milk efficiency and composition, or most of blood parameters. In conclusion, the use of YMP, SRU or both as partial substitutes of soybean meal in the diet of lactating cows has no negative effects on productivity parameters.
This article presents a proposal of a systemic model composed for the micro and small companies (MSE) of the region of Ribeira˜o Preto and the agents which influenced their environment. The proposed model was based on Stafford Beer's (Diagnosing the system for organizations. Chichester, Wiley, 1985) systemic methodologies VSM (Viable System Model) and on Werner Ulrich's (1983) CSH (Critical Systems Heuristics).The VSM is a model for the diagnosis of the structure of an organization and of its flows of information through the application of the cybernetics concepts (Narvarte, In El Modelo del Sistema Viable-MSV: experiencias de su aplicación en Chile. Proyecto Cerebro Colectivo del IAS, Santiago, social group applied to the systemic vision as a counterpoint to the organizational management view considered by the VSM. MSE of Ribeira˜o Preto and Serta˜ozinho had been analyzed as organizations inserted in systems that relate and integrate with other systems concerning the public administration, entities of representation and promotion agencies. The research questions: which are the bonds of interaction among the subsystems in this process and who are the agents involved? The systemic approach not only diagnosed a social group, formed by MSE of Ribeira˜o Preto and Serta˜ozinho, public authorities and support entities, but could also delineate answers that aimed the clarification of obscure questions generating financial assistance to the formularization of efficient actions for the development of this system.
The aim of this paper is to apply a systemic methodology to analyse the concept of info-inclusion which can guide strategic actions of institutions within civil society and within several levels of government. The paper provides a plan of action that, integrated with other tools, aims at fighting the technological and social gap. We apply Soft System Methodology (SSM), because it provides a holistic approach to info-exclusion. SSM is often used to analyse and resolve problems in complex social studies such as info-exclusion. An info-exclusion reduction project, developed by a university in the country region of Sao Paulo will be provided as a case study. This project is one of the several Brazilian initiatives to solve the problem of limited access to information technology tools. We start by contextualising info-exclusion in Brazil and follow with a review of SSM. We then introduce the concept of info-inclusion and apply SSM to it. We end with a discussion of the results obtained and with some suggestions for action and possible improvements.
Abstract-Defining a computational environment for radiology and image-diagnosis education requires the development of a model that covers the resident doctor's training necessities and creates the mechanisms necessary for the construction of this environment, especially integrating the various systems in use or in development, in a hospital school. This work presents a proposal to define strategies for the creation of a computational environment for radiology and image-diagnosis teaching, specifically aimed towards the education of the resident physician in this area. The Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) was used to elaborate a comprehensive model under a systemic focus and bring up actions for its implementation. Initially, the current radiology teaching structure will be contextualized, and information systems that could be applied to support this type of activity will be discussed. The next step will be the revision of the SSM and the application of each step proposed by this methodology within the medical residency context of a large Brazilian hospital school. This residencyeducation activity survey was performed through interviews, questionnaires and the review of the norms, criteria and minimum requirements for the accreditation of medical residency programs in Brazil. Considering the complexity of the doctor-training environment and the diversity of computer systems under development to support it, the systemic approach helps the understanding and can guide the necessary integration. An integratedenvironment frame, and its action plan, is proposed for radiology and image-diagnosis teaching. Finally, the strategies identified for its implementation are discussed.
Na sociedade ocidental atual, os não heterossexuais são compreendidos como um grupo com várias categorias identitárias. O movimento LGBT (Lésbicas, Gays, Bissexuais, Transexuais e Transgêneros), surgido na década de sessenta, procura abranger e representar tais identidades. Apesar dos avanços sociais conquistados no Brasil e no mundo, os casos de homofobia ainda proliferam especialmente os relacionados à condenação moral da homossexualidade, assim como seu tratamento enquanto patologia. Foi recentemente, a partir dos anos 1970, que progressivamente o ordenamento jurídico dos países ocidentais foi alterado para retirar a condenação da homossexualidade, resultado da ação conjunta de movimentos sociais, juristas e pesquisadores de diversos campos; embora em muitos países onde não há separação entre Religião e Estado, ou em ditaduras, a homossexualidade continue sendo punida. Quando se acredita que as questões de sexualidades são assuntos privados, deixamos de perceber suas dimensões sociais e políticas. A homofobia, assim como outras formas de intolerâncias, se articula tanto no âmbito das emoções e das crenças, quanto no campo das ações, práticas e normas, permeando ainda ideologias e poderes. Não constitui apenas uma violência contra homossexuais, mas uma ameaça aos valores democráticos de compreensão e respeito a outro ser humano. Acreditamos que, mais que sobre a homossexualidade propriamente dita, é através de sua visibilidade que os preconceitos são desencadeados. Se por um lado a maior visibilidade de gays e lésbicas, assim como a expressão de movimentos públicos, em determinados círculos, contribua para redução da rejeição e para a incorporação de alguns traços de comportamento, estilo de vida, moda e outras características dos grupos homossexuais; por outro lado, acirra manifestações homofóbicas, estimula a organização de grupos violentos e revigora campanhas conservadoras de toda ordem. A questão da visibilidade é objeto de diversos estudos e está associada a conceitos e ações importantes, especialmente para as organizações. Homossexuais fazem parte da população ativa. Embora ainda haja muitos aspectos antagônicos no contexto da questão da homossexualidade, ela é uma questão pública e, portanto, também organizacional na medida em que delineia comportamentos, constrói expectativas, define posições, acesso a cargos e vantagens sociais. É frequente na literatura associar-se a elaboração e implantação de políticas mais eficazes para maior diversidade nas organizações, assim como as sugestões para coibir práticas de violência moral no ambiente de trabalho, à maior compreensão das múltiplas orientações sexuais existentes. Como consequência disso, espera-se a melhoria da qualidade de vida dos empregados, com reflexos nos resultados organizacionais. A discriminação direcionada a homossexuais no local de trabalho colabora com o estresse psicológico vivenciado por grupos estigmatizados. Este estresse pode provocar alienação, internalização de valores sociais negativos e atitudes negativas relacionadas a uma determinada orientação sexual. Da discriminação decorrem injustiças e sofrimentos; a exclusão, proposital ou não, de indivíduos não-heterossexuais das políticas públicas e organizacionais, eventos ou atividades sociais. Tais consequências repercutem no ambiente e no desempenho do trabalho. Neste trabalho apresentamos conceitos, pertinentes ao tema, discutimos as medidas que vêm sendo adotadas no âmbito organizacional e os aspectos jurídicos envolvidos e sugerimos melhores práticas aos gestores de recursos humanos. Compreendemos que, melhor do que tentar ignorar as múltiplas identidades sociais, visíveis ou não, e pretendermos que as organizações sejam entidades neutras e assépticas, seria reconhecermos e compreendermos as realidades organizacionais buscando estabelecer as ações mais adequadas. Inseridas em seus ambientes, as organizações formam um sistema e como tal, com eles interagem e sofrem suas influências. Junto com as pessoas, entre tantas outras coisas, discriminações, preconceitos, pensamentos e atitudes negativas entram nas organizações e cabe ao gestor de recursos humanos prevenir e intervir nessas situações.
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