Recent studies have shown that the gut microbiota plays an important role in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal diseases in various animal species. There are only limited data on the microbiome in cats with varying grades of dysbiosis. The purpose of the study was a detailed analysis of the quantitative and qualitative fecal microbiota spectrum in cats with intestinal dysbiosis of varying severity. The data obtained indicate that, depending on the dysbiosis severity in cats, the intestinal microbiome landscape changes significantly. It has been established that, depending on the dysbiosis severity, there is a shift in the balance between the Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial pools and in the nature of the isolation of specific bacteria forms, in the amount of obligate microbiota isolation, as well as individual facultative strains. When analyzing the serotyping of E. coli cultures isolated at various grades of intestinal dysbiosis severity, differences were found both in the isolation amount of various serotypes from one animal and in the prevalence of certain serotypes for each disease severity. A retrospective analysis of the fecal microbiota sensitivity in cats with dysbiosis to antibacterial drugs showed that, depending on the disease severity, the number of isolates sensitive to antibiotics increases significantly.

Mycotoxins are low molecular weight secondary metabolites produced by filamentous fungi. The most relevant groups of mycotoxins found in animal feed are produced by three genera of fungi: Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium species. Animal feeds are routinely contaminated by mycotoxins from diverse sources. In most cases, the concentrations are low enough to ensure compliance with Maximum Permitted Levels. Poultry, pigs and also aquatic vertebrates are very sensitive to mycotoxins. Ruminants are, however, generally more resistant to the adverse effects of mycotoxins, since the rumen microbiota is capable of degrading mycotoxins. Mycotoxins cause huge economic damage, leading to increased costs for health and veterinary care, as well as reduce livestock production. The effects of long-term exposure of aflatoxins are associated with the reduction of weight gain, decreased milk or egg production, teratogenicity. Ochratoxin A causes renal toxicity and possesses carcinogenic, teratogenic, immunosuppressive and possibly neurotoxic properties. The main trichothecenes mycotoxins are T-2 toxin, deoxynivalenol and diacetoxyscirpenol. Deoxynivalenol is primarily known for causing feed refusal, weight loss. It also causes lesions in the gastrointestinal tract, vomiting, bloody diarrhea and severe dermatitis accompanied by hemorrhaging. Zearalenone and some of its metabolites, can competitively bind to oestrogen receptors leading to reproductive disorders and oestrogenic dysfunction, impairing fertility and increasing the frequency of stillbirths along with reducing sperm quality. Fumonisin causes carcinogenicity and cardiovascular toxic effects.

The impact of nano-selenium supplementation on lipid metabolism, liver enzymes, renal function, and protein levels in male lambs was investigated in this study during a 60-day period. Lambs were divided into two groups - control and experimental, which were administered nanoselenium orally at a dosage of 0.5 mg/ kg of feed once a day, daily. Each group consisted of five male lambs. According to the findings, cholesterol levels dropped significantly at days 45 (P 0.01) and 60 (P 0.05), whereas triglyceride levels significantly rose at days 15 and 30 (P 0.01). Throughout the trial, the levels of uric acid and creatinine were constant. At days 15 and 60, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels were significantly decreased (P 0.05), while at days 45 and 60, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels declined (P 0.01 and P 0.05, respectively). At days 15 and 30, albumin levels dropped significantly (0.05), but day 60 saw an increase in globulin levels significantly (P 0.05). The drop in AST and ALP levels might be a sign that liver function has possibly improved. However, the drop in albumin levels and rise in globulin levels raise the possibility that taking nano-selenium supplements may affect how proteins are metabolized. The findings of this study concluded that the effects of nano-selenium supplementation on lipid metabolism, liver enzymes, renal function, and protein levels in male lambs were time-dependent. In addition to possible improvements in liver function based on decreased AST and ALP levels and changes in albumin and globulin levels, the study also noticed an initial transient increase in triglyceride levels that was followed by a decline in cholesterol levels. To determine the time-dependent changes in liver function, liver enzymes, as well as renal function in response to nano-selenium supplementation in male lambs was objective of this study.

The aim of this article is to recognize the methods of environmental control used by the master of the "constructivist" movement Konstantin Melnikov in a Melnikov's house, a creation whose architectural value has been highlighted on several occasions, it also seeks to demonstrate through modern climate software simulation and analysis tools that in the early 20th century Melnikov consciously used environmental control methods, which makes the afore-mentioned construction a historical example of bioclimatic architecture meant for Russian climate. In order to assess this topic a digital model has been built and different energy simulations were carried out using software such as Climate Consultant, Design Builder and ArchiCAD.