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Abstract. the expression of claudin-11 in benign and malignant bladder tissue and the effect of forced expression of claudin-11 on tight junction function and invasiveness of bladder cancer cells were studied. claudin-11 expression was tested in bladder cancer cell lines (t24/83, rt 112/84 and eJ138) using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and in benign and malignant bladder tissue by quantitative rt-pcr and immunohistochemistry. t24/83 cells were transfected with the pcDnA.1/nt-gFptopo vector containing full-length human claudin-11 sequence. stable-transfected cells overexpressing claudin-11 (t24 cl-11ex ), wild-type cells (t24 Wt ) and the empty plasmid control clone (t24 gFp ) were compared using transurothelial resistance (tUr), in vitro adhesion, invasion and growth assays. claudin-11 was strongly expressed in the non-invasive rt112/84 cell line compared to the invasive t24/83 and eJ138 tcc cell lines. Benign bladder tissue demonstrated equal expression of claudin-11 mrnA as carcinoma, but displayed more intense staining than malignant tissue on immunohistochemistry. Forced-expression of claudin-11 in t24/83 cells was confirmed by PCR, immunoprecipitation and by immunofluorescence, which demonstrated increased perinuclear claudin-11 staining. Forced expression of claudin-11 did not affect tUr (p=0.243), but significantly reduced invasion (p=0.001) while increasing cell matrix adhesion (p=0.001) and growth rates (p=0.001). the greater expression of claudin-11 in benign vs. malignant tissue and non-invasive vs. invasive cell lines, and its effect in reducing bladder cancer cell invasiveness suggests that claudin-11 may have a role in preventing cancer progression and may serve as a therapeutic target in reducing metastasis.

SYNOPSIS Bladder biopsies from six boys without a history of urinary tract infection were taken during hypospadias repair operations and examined by electron microscopy. The ultrastructure of the epithelium, which was presumed to represent the normal, is described in detail and compared with the reported findings in other mammalian species. The appearances are generally similar although in our material the luminal membrane of the superficial cells was thicker than that surrounding the other epithelial cells but not asymmetrical. We observed membrane-coating granules which have not been reported before in bladder epithelium.The appearances of the normal bladder are compared to those seen in 24 children with urinary infection. In the presence of acute infection the large heterogeneous secondary lysosomes which are present in the intermediate and superficial cells of the normal bladder are reduced in number and the amount of rough endoplasmic reticulum is increased.The electron microscopic appearances of the urinary bladder epithelium of several mammalian species are well documented but there are few reports of similar studies in man. Fulker, Cooper, and Tanaka (1971) described the ultrastructure of human transitional cell carcinoma and commented on the appearance of the epithelium in the non-neoplastic areas, and Battifora, Eisenstein, and McDonald (1964) Materials and Methods CLINICALSpecimens of bladder mucosa were obtained from the trigone at the time of suprapubic urinary diversion in six boys aged 2-13 years (table I)

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