The likelihood of rupture of unruptured intracranial aneurysms that were less than 10 mm in diameter was exceedingly low among patients in group 1 and was substantially higher among those in group 2. The risk of morbidity and mortality related to surgery greatly exceeded the 7.5-year risk of rupture among patients in group 1 with unruptured intracranial aneurysms smaller than 10 mm in diameter.

2655The elution order for the toluonitriles was ortho < meta < para and for the dimethylbenzonitriles 2,5 < 2,4 < 3,4. RegistryNo. o-Toluonitrile, 529-19-1; m-toluonitrile, 620-22-4; p-toluonitrile, 104-85-8; 2,4-dimethylbenzonitrile, 21789-36-6; 2,5-dimethylbenzonitrile, 13730-09-1; 3,4-dimethylbenzonitrile, 22884-95-3. (12) Lohaus, G. The presence of a ligating group, e.g., OH, C02Me, C=O, or OMe, on an olefinic substrate is shown to direct the attack of the hydrogenation catalyst [Ir(cod)(PCy~)(C~H~N)]PFs/H2/CHzClz from the face of the molecule containing the directing group. Isomerization is a minor side reaction in the cases studied. The origin of this effect is discussed and a model intermediate isolated. (1) Kabuki, T.; Sharpless, K. B. J. Am. Chem. SOC. 1980,102,5974. (2) Thompson, H. W.; Naipawer, R. E. J. Am. Chem. SOC. 1973,95, 6379 and references therein.

Congenital neutropenias include a heterogenous group of diseases characterized by a decrease in circulating neutrophils. In phase I/II/III studies in patients with severe congenital and cyclic neutropenia, treatment with recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (r-metHuG-CSF) resulted in a rise in the absolute neutrophil counts (ANC) and a reduction in infections. We report the effects of long-term safety of subcutaneous r-metHuG-CSF administration in 54 patients (congenital n = 44. cyclic n = 10) treated for 4-6 years. A sustained ANC response was seen in 40/44 severe congenital neutropenia patients and 10/10 cyclic neutropenia patients. Two patients required an increase of > 25% in dose to maintain a clinical response; one patient became refractory to therapy. A significant decrease in the incidence of severe infections and the need for intravenous antibiotics was noted. Significant adverse events noted which may or may not be related to therapy included: osteopenia (n = 15), splenomegaly (n = 12), hypersplenism (n = 1), vasculitis (n = 2), glomerulonephritis (n = 1), BM fibrosis (n = 2), MDS/leukaemia (n = 3), and transient inverted chromosome 5q with excess blasts (n = 1). R-metHuG-CSF has been well tolerated in the majority of patients and resulted in a long-term improvement in their clinical status.

During the last decade, high pH anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAED/PAC) has gained increasing acceptance as the method of choice for analysis of neutral sugars commonly occurring in woods, pulps, and other lignocellulosics. This paper describes modified chromatographic conditions and discusses other critical factors that improve the precision and efficiency of this application. The method involves a controlled loading of acetate onto the column prior to equilibration with water and injection of sample. In-line solid-phase extraction is used to remove hydrophobic substances that have the potential to foul the analytical column. Critical operational parameters for the successful application of the method include a metal-free flowpath and a consistent application of anions with sample. Resolution of rhamnose is achieved while maintaining the resolution of xylose and mannose. Simplified sample pretreatment allows a ca. five-fold increase in sample through-put compared with gas chromatography of derivatized sugars or to partition chromatography. Run times are less than half those of the widely used hydroxide reverse gradient method for HPAEC/PAD analysis of wood sugars. Long-term system performance data indicate that the method is highly precise and robust. The acetate loading method affords better precision than those of other HPAEC/PAD methods and of gas chromatographic analysis of alditol acetate derivatives by Tappi Method T249 cm-85

This article extends the Institutional Analysis and Development Framework's seminal research on common pool resource (CPR) management in new directions by exploring how the design principles of robust and enduring CPR management, initially proposed by Elinor Ostrom in 1990, can be used to measure and assess cross‐scale institutional linkages. This study examines data from 14 interstate river basin compacts in the western United States to identify the types of linkages established in these interstate settings, the factors that contribute to the emergence of diverse types of linkages around these shared resources, and how different types of linkages perform. Using Ostrom's CPR design principles to operationalize and measure linkages, the study shows that diverse types of cross‐scale linkages were created under the 14 interstate compacts, with linkages related to monitoring found to be particularly prevalent. The types and diversity of linkages can largely be explained by the conditions under which compacts emerged and the water management issues states jointly face. In applying the evaluative criteria operationalized by the CPR design principles, this research further shows that the monitoring and collective choice linkages created by compacts tend to be of higher quality, while enforcement and conflict resolution linkages appeared to be of the lowest quality. In addition to developing the IAD literature on CPR management, these findings offer critical insights for assessing the capacity of interstate river basin compacts in the western United States to manage shared resources successfully, as well as insights for what types of institutional investments may be needed for enhanced resource governance.