This study aims to disclose how virtual reality technology has been applied to studies of learning and the possibility of virtual reality by reviewing studies that have employed the virtual reality approach. A total of 15 papers were selected from the Scopus Index database from 2015 to 2020. Content analysis showed that virtual reality and physics learning had received the most attention under the theme of student perception, especially in self-efficacy and experience, followed by satisfaction, motivation, and engagement. Trends of research development show that the use of virtual reality has proliferated recently. Moreover, HTC Vive is the most powerful device to conduct the VR study for the tool device. This study concludes that virtual reality technology provides a promising media for educational researchers.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh keterampilan manajerial kepala sekolah dan pemberian reward terhadap kinerja guru melalui motivasi guru. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah 100 dengan teknik pengambilan sampel total sampling. Data pada penelitian ini diolah menggunakan analisis jalur atau path analysis berbantuan program Smart PLS. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa secara parsial keterampilan manajerial berpengaruh terhadap kinerja guru sekaligus motivasi kerja. Secara parsial pemberian reward juga berpengaruh terhadap kinerja guru dan motivasi kerja. Hasil lain dari uji path analysis menemukan bahwa secara tidak langsung motivasi dapat mempengaruhi hubungan antara keterampilan manajerial terhadap kinerja guru juga pemberian reward terhadap kinerja guru. hasil ini menggambarkan bahwa dengan adanya keterampilan manajerial kepala sekolah yang baik dan pemberian reward yang sesuai dapat meningkatkan motivasi guru sehingga berdampak pula pada hasil kerja yang maksimal.

Many studies show that student worksheets can be suitable teaching materials to achieve learning objectives, whether at school or college. Also, college student worksheets can make it easier for students to learn computing-based lessons. This study aims to design and develop worksheets and integrate them with computational thinking (CT) skills in computer programming courses. The material intended to be used as a worksheet is how to simulate electromagnetic waves (EM). This worksheet is also designed with group activities and is expected to improve collaboration skills between college students. This study uses research and development (R&D) methods with the 4D model approach but does not do the fourth stage, dissemination. The worksheet developed has six main elements: (1) titles, (2) study guides, (3) essential competencies, (4) subject matter or supporting information, (5) tasks or work steps, and (6) student assessments. The resulting worksheet products have also been assessed by peers and declared worthy as teaching materials. In addition, the resulting worksheet has shown the steps in CT, namely, abstraction, algorithm, and generalization.

Streptococcus pneumoniae is a normal flora in the upper respiratory tract but can cause Acute Respiratory Tract Infection (ARI), peritonitis, sepsis and meningitis. The widespread use of inappropriate antibiotics to treat Streptococcus pneumoniae infection causes antibiotic resistance. Meanwhile, Streptococcus pneumonia requires iron in its growth, namely as a cofactor for the ribonucleotide reductase enzyme, which plays a vital role in DNA synthesis. This study aimed to determine the antimicrobial activity of sappan wood extract (SWE) against Streptococcus pneumonia and the role of SWE as iron chelators on antimicrobial activity. The study was conducted by establishing a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and a minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) against Streptococcus pneumoniae and is evaluated using Total Plate Count (TPC), the diameter of the inhibitory zone and the measurement of iron levels using Atomic Absorption S. pectrophotometer. The results showed that the MIC values for Streptococcus pneumonia 103 and 105 CFU/mL were 32 ppm and 64 ppm, respectively, with the MIC values of 64 ppm and 128 ppm, respectively.