Dengue fever is currently the most important mosquito-borne viral disease in Indonesia. In South Sulawesi province, most regions report dengue cases including the capital city, Makassar. Currently, no information is available on the serotypes and genotypes of the viruses circulating in the area. To understand the dynamic of dengue disease in Makassar, we carried out dengue fever surveillance study during 2007-2010. A total of 455 patients were recruited, in which antigen and serological detection revealed the confirmed dengue cases in 43.3% of patients. Molecular detection confirmed the dengue cases in 27.7% of patients, demonstrating that dengue places a significant disease burden on the community. Serotyping revealed that dengue virus serotype 1 (DENV-1) was the most predominant serotype, followed by DENV-2, -3, and -4. To determine the molecular evolution of the viruses, we conducted whole-genome sequencing of 80 isolates. Phylogenetic analysis grouped DENV-2, -3 and -4 to the Cosmopolitan genotype, Genotype I and Genotype II, respectively. Intriguingly, each serotype paints a different picture of evolution and transmission. DENV-1 appears to be undergoing a clade replacement with Genotype IV being supplanted by Genotype I. The Cosmopolitan DENV-2 isolates were found to be regionally endemic and is frequently being exchanged between countries in the region. By contrast, DENV-3 and DENV-4 isolates were related to strains with a long history in Indonesia although the DENV-3 strains appear to have been following a distinct evolutionary path since approximately 1998. To assess whether the various DENV serotypes/genotypes possess different growth characteristics, we performed growth kinetic assays on selected viruses. We observed the relatively higher rate of replication for DENV-1 and -2 compared to DENV-3 and -4. Within the DENV-1, viruses from Genotype I grow faster than that of Genotype IV. This higher replication rate may underlie their ability to replace the circulation of Genotype IV in the community.

Latar belakang. Proses pertumbuhan dan perkembangan anak amatlah penting. Mengetahui secara dini gangguan perkembangan diharapkan dapat memberikan manfaat yang lebih baik. Berbagai metode untuk mendeteksi gangguan perkembangan pada anak, antara lain metode Capute Scales (CAT/CLAMS) adalah uji tapis spesifik menilai kemampuan komunikasi dan fungsi kognitif untuk anak berusia 0-36 bulan.Tujuan. Mengetahui hubungan antara beberapa faktor risiko terjadinya gangguan perkembangan dengan status perkembangan anak usia 0-36 bulan.Metode. Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah potong lintang. Pemeriksaan dilakukan terhadap 75 anak di RW 03, Kelurahan Pulo Gadung menggunakan skrining CAT/CLAMS dan pertanyaan tersebut diajukan kepada ibu. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan secara purposive sampling.Hasil. Diperoleh status perkembangan normal sebesar 84%, suspek gangguan perkembangan 13,3%, gangguan komunikasi 3%, dan tidak ditemukan subjek yang mengalami retardasi mental. Sejumlah faktor risiko yang diteliti adalah jenis kelamin, pemberian ASI eksklusif, urutan anak, usia ibu saat hamil, pendidikan ibu atau pengasuh, jumlah anak, jumlah penghasilan keluarga dan bentuk keluarga. Secara statistik tidak ada faktor risiko yang bermakna.Kesimpulan. Jenis kelamin laki-laki, tidak mendapat ASI eksklusif, ibu dengan tingkat pendidikan tinggi, jumlah anak lebih dari dua, bentuk keluarga inti mempunyai kecenderungan lebih besar menderita status perkembangan yang tidak normal. Namun tidak dapat dibuktikan hubungan bermakna secara statistik antara faktor-faktor yang diteliti dengan status perkembangan anak.

Introduction: Due to difficulties in attending direct patient care and to limit the spread of COVID-19, the Indonesian ministry of health encourages hospitals to establish telemedicine services. This study aimed to report the initial practice of real-time teleophthalmology during the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia.  Methods: This retrospective descriptive-analytical study collected data from patients who had teleophthalmology consultations within 3 months (April 27 – July 27, 2020). All consecutive patients were included in this study, except those with incomplete records. Patients’ demographics, the main reason for the consultation, working diagnosis, prescribed medication, management plan, and satisfaction survey were collected for the analysis.  Result: There were 251 video consultations from 206 patients with 4 patients (1.9%) excluded due to incomplete medical records. There were 52 (25.7%) new patients. The median consultations were 2 (1-8) each day. The median age was 43.5 (from <1 year to 95 years). The main reasons for consultation were dry eye-related symptoms and red eye. The three most common primary working diagnoses were dry eye syndrome, conjunctivitis, and stye. Medication was prescribed for 149 patients (73.8 %) and 43 patients (21.3 %) were advised to have immediate direct consultation. The satisfaction survey revealed a 21.3% response rate, of which 41.9% and 58.1% felt very satisfied and satisfied respectively. Conclusion: Real-time teleophthalmology consultation seemed to be well-accepted by our population in spite of its early adoption with a high satisfactory rate.