The needs of world petroleum are increased; in contrast, the fuel productions are getting decreased. Therefore, it has lead to the search for bio-fuel as an alternative energy. There are several different types of biofuel, such as biodiesel, ethanol, bioalcohol, and biogas. Biodiesel is typically made by chemically reacting lipids from a vegetable oil or animal fat with an alcohol producing fatty acid esters, such as methyl or ethyl ester. The present study aimed to study the effect of temperature (50, 60 and 65°C), reaction time (1 to 5 minutes) dan types of catalyst (CaO dan MgO of 1 and 3 %) in the production of biodiesel from microalgae by the transesterification process using microwave methods. It also studied the characteristics of biodiesel which had the greatest yield in the present study, i.e. flash point, cetane number, density, viscosity, and FAME. The greatest yield was 99.35% and obtained with combination of 3% MgO catalyst quantity at temperature of 60°C, in 3 minutes reaction time. At this process conditions, the biodiesel has a flash point of 122°C, cetane number of 55, density of  0.89, viscosity of 5 cP and FAME of 75.12 %.

In response to competition and other market challenges, many consumer manufacturing companies are offering Product–Service Systems (PSSs) in order to improve their sustainability performance. This paper aims to examine the relationship between the PSS supply chain (SC) capabilities and sustainability performance. It empirically investigates a framework that hypothesises the impact of seven PSS SC capabilities on sustainability performance. Data were collected from 447 official motorcycle service partners in Indonesia and analysed using structural equation modelling. The findings reveal that innovative service delivery and sustainable product–service capability positively affect sustainability performance, whereas partner development, reflexive control, and re-conceptualisation positively affect sustainable product–service capability. The results also validate that collaboration and knowledge assessment do not directly affect sustainability performance. A contribution of this study is the innovative use of quantitative methods to provide empirical evidence that the PSS SC capabilities can contribute to sustainability performance, directly and indirectly. It also broadens the utilisation of Dynamic Capabilities (DCs) in PSS SC research. The findings also guide managers and decision-makers in the implementation of the PSS SC capabilities required to enhance sustainability performance.

No abstract

ABSTRAKKerupuk merupakan makanan ringan khas asli Indonesia yang menjad i h idangan pendamping pada beberapa masakan-masakan Indonesia. Proses pembuatan kerupuk meliputi pencampuran bahan baku, pembuatan adonan, pencetakan, pengukusan, pendinginan, pengirisan, peng eringan, dan pemasakan. Dari beberapa proses pembuatan kerupuk tersebut, ada satu proses yang cukup penting diperhatikan yaitu proses pemotongan kerupuk. Hasil pengamatan yang dilakukan di UM KM Srikandi Su mber Laut yang berfokus pada olahan hasil laut menunjukkan bahwa pemillik UM KM masih menggunakan alat pemotong kerupuk secara manual. Untuk memenuhi permintaan konsumen, pemilik menginginkan alat pemotong kerupuk agar dapat menghasilkan kuantitas yang banyak dan kualitas potongan kerupuk yang baik (ukuran dan dimensi kerupuk yang seragam). Dalam penelitian in i digunakan metode TRIZ dalam merancangan ulang alat pemotong kerupuk. Hasil dari penelitian in i yaitu bentuk pisau yang dibuat melengkung, pemotongan 3 adonan dalam 1 rotasi. Penggunaan baja JIS SKD 11 sebagai bahan dasar pisau utama agar dapat memotong lontongan kerupuk dengan baik.

Mangrove bark (Rhizopora mucronata) is a potential adsorbent for heavy metals adsorption such as lead or Pb (II), because of its tannin content. Prior to be used as adsorbent, the extract of tannin should be polymerized using formaldehyde and produced Tannin Based adsorbent which was not dissolved in water. This research aimed to study the effect of temperature, adsorbent dose and contacting time to % removal of Pb (II). A series of batch adsorption was carried out using 250 mL Pb (II) solution with initial concentration 307.2mg/g. The variation of adsorbent mass was 1-5 gram, the variation of temperature was 30,40 and 50°C, and the variation of contact time was started at 10 minutes until reached the adsorption equilibrium. The obtained data were also required to determine the adsorption kinetic and adsorption isotherm. The maximum percentage(%) removal was 71.6% which was obtained at temperature 50°C, contact time 70 minutes and TBA dosage 4gram/250 mL solution. Study of adsorption kinetic determines that the pseudo-2 order fitted with this adsorption process. The adsorption coefficient was 0.0099 g/mg.min and the coefficient of determination (R 2) was 0.9976. In addition, Langmuir equation described adsorption isotherm better than Freundlich and Temkin equation. The maximum adsorption capacity (qe ) was 18.281 mg/g, Langmuir coefficient was 0.0017 L/mg. The research results can be applied to design and to scale-up the process.