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Juvenile delinquents' (n = 60) and nondelinquents' (n = 73) stages of moral development were compared using both recognition and production measures. Juvenile delinquents were found to score significantly lower than nondelinquents on a production measure of moral judgment (the Sociomoral Reflection Measure). A recognition measure (the Sociomoral Reflection Objective Measure), however, did not discriminate between the two groups in an analysis controlled for significant covariates of age, socioeconomic status, and IQ. The possibility that delinquents are delayed in the production but not recognition of mature moral reasoning is considered. The possibility is also considered, however, that excessive error variance associated with recognition measures of moral reasoning when administered to juvenile delinquents is responsible for the inability of such measures to discriminate between delinquents and nondelinquents.

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The pancreas is almost impossible to palpate because it is located in the retroperitoneal space. Life-threatening lesions, therefore, often are not diagnosed until they are very advanced and encroaching on adjacent structures. The pancreas has a large endocrine and exocrine reserve, which also contributes to difficulty in diagnosing pancreatic disease. This article provides an in-depth analysis of the anatomy and physiology of the pancreas and endocrinopathies, allowing nurses to provide optimal care for patients with pancreatic abnormalities.