There is no instrument which collectively assesses the knowledge, attitude and perceived practice of asthma among community pharmacists. Therefore, this study aimed to validate the instrument which measured the knowledge, attitude and perceived practice of asthma among community pharmacists by producing empirical evidence of validity and reliability of the items using Rasch model (Bond & Fox software®) for dichotomous and polytomous data. This baseline study recruited 33 community pharmacists from Penang, Malaysia. The results showed that all PTMEA Corr were in positive values, where an item was able to distinguish between the ability of respondents. Based on the MNSQ infit and outfit range (0.60-1.40), out of 55 items, 2 items from the instrument were suggested to be removed. The findings indicated that the instrument fitted with Rasch measurement model and showed the acceptable reliability values of 0.88 and 0.83 and 0.79 for knowledge, attitude and perceived practice respectively.

Background Community pharmacists play a vital role in promoting appropriate use of antibiotics in the community. This study evaluated the practices and perceptions of community pharmacists towards antibiotic use, antibiotic resistance, and antimicrobial stewardship in Libya. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among community pharmacists in Libya using a 47-item validated, pre-tested online questionnaire. Data was collected from December 2021 to February 2022 and was analysed using descriptive and inferential analyses. Results Of the 114 questionnaires included in the analysis, 54.4% were females, 78.1% had < 10 year working experience (78.1%), and 81.6% had a Bachelor of Pharmacy. Most (78.1%) strongly agreed/agreed that community pharmacists have an important role to play to reduce antibiotic resistance. Overall, the participants had a moderate perception towards antimicrobial resistance (median score: 21.5; IQR [16–28] out of 35.0). More than 40% supply antibiotics when patients requested them specifically, because if they do not supply them, patients will just go to another pharmacy. About 47% strongly agreed/agreed that if a patient cannot afford a full course of antibiotics all in one go, they will give them a smaller amount that they are able to afford at that time, even when a longer duration of treatment is required. Most (66.7%) had no previous involvement in antibiotics awareness campaign due to ‘I have never heard about the campaign’ (48.7%) and ‘I do not have enough time to participate’ (22.4%). Overall, the perception towards antimicrobial stewardship was good (20 [13–25] out of 25.0). Raising awareness of rational antibiotic use, including antimicrobial resistance, among pharmacy students (83.4%) and patient education by pharmacists in community pharmacies at the time medicines are supplied to patients (81.6%) were the most common strategies to improve rational use of antibiotics in community pharmacy. Conclusions Community pharmacists in Libya recognise their role in reducing antimicrobial resistance. They had a moderate perception towards antimicrobial resistance and a good perception towards antimicrobial stewardship. However, inappropriate antibiotic practices were common. The most common strategies to improve rational use of antibiotics in community pharmacy were raising awareness about the rational antibiotic use among pharmacy students and patient education by community pharmacists at the time antibiotics are dispensed to patients. Regulations are needed to restrict dispensing antibiotics without prescription among community pharmacists.

Objectives: Our study attempted to identify what factors best predict for delayed gastric emptying (DGE) and whether children respond to treatment. Methods: Children aged between 0 and 18 were included who had a gastric emptying scintigraphy (GES) study performed between 2009 and 2018. Baseline clinical details were recorded from clinic visit records regarding symptoms, medication, and past medical history. Results were analyzed using multivariate regression analysis and coefficient analysis. Children were followed up at 2 years to assess their symptoms and medication usage. Results: Two hundred and eighty-five children were included in the study of which 174 demonstrated DGE. All children had symptoms prior to GES, the most common symptom being that of vomiting and reflux symptoms which were present in over 90% of patients; other common symptoms like abdominal pain and nausea were seen commonly in around 30%. A genetic disorder and prior surgery were more common in children with DGE but there was no difference in presenting symptoms between normal and DGE groups. Regression analysis showed prior surgery and particularly prior abdominal surgery predicted for DGE and additionally predicted for those with highly DGE. Improvement in symptoms and reduction in medication usage was seen after 2 years. Conclusions: This study provides one of the largest data sets looking at DGE in children. Prior surgery was found to be a key factor in predicting for highly DGE. Symptoms and medication usage did significantly reduce substantially after 2 years.

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