Plants produce strigolactones (SLs) in roots in response to nitrogen or phosphate deficiency. To evaluate SL levels under other mineral deficiencies in rice, we cultivated rice seedlings in hydroponic media without nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, calcium, magnesium, and iron. Tiller bud outgrowth was stimulated under calcium deficiency because of low SL levels. SL levels increased under sulfur deficiency, in addition to phosphate, and nitrogen deficiencies. To explore which genes are key regulators of SL production under sulfur deficiency, we analyzed the expression of SL-related genes in sulfur-sufficient and sulfur-deficient conditions. An SL biosynthesis gene, DWARF27 (D27), was strongly expressed under sulfur deficiency, and its expression was decreased by sulfur supply. The levels of D10, D17, and OsMAX1 transcripts did not differ between sulfur-sufficient and sulfur-deficient conditions. These results suggest that the increased SL levels under sulfur deficiency are due to a high expression of D27. A combination of nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur deficiencies had no additive synergistic effect on SL production. Under combined phosphorus and sulfur deficiency, the expression levels of most SL biosynthesis genes were elevated. The number of tiller buds in the d27 mutant was higher than in the wild type, but lower than in other d mutants. Under sulfur deficiency, the chlorophyll content of d27 was lower than those of other d mutants. These results indicate that D27 plays an important role in adaptation to sulfur deficiency in rice.

Strigolactones (SLs) are a class of plant hormones that are synthesized from b-carotene through sequential reactions catalyzed by DWARF (D) 27, D17, D10, and OsMORE AXILLARY GROWTH (MAX) 1 in rice (Oryza sativa L.). In rice, endogenous SL levels increase in response to deficiency of nitrogen, phosphate, or sulfate (−N, −P, or −S). Rice SL mutants show increased lamina joint (LJ) angle as well as dwarfism, delayed leaf senescence, and enhanced shoot branching. The LJ angle is an important trait that determines plant architecture. To evaluate the effect of endogenous SLs on LJ angle in rice, we measured LJ angle and analyzed the expression of SL-biosynthesis genes under macronutrient deficiencies. In the "Shiokari" background, LJ angle was significantly larger in SL mutants than in the wild-type (WT). In WT and SL-biosynthesis mutants, direct treatment with the SL synthetic analog GR24 decreased the LJ angle. In WT, deficiency of N, P, or S, but not of K, Ca, Mg, or Fe decreased LJ angle. In SL mutants, deficiency of N, P, or S had no such effect. We analyzed the time course of SL-related gene expression in the LJ of WT deficient in N, P, or S, and found that expression of SL-biosynthesis genes increased 2 or 3 days after the onset of deficiency. Expression levels of both the SLbiosynthesis and signaling genes was particularly strongly increased under −P. Rice cultivars "Nipponbare", "Norin 8", and "Kasalath" had larger LJ angle than "Shiokari", interestingly with no significant differences between WT and SL mutants. In "Nipponbare", endogenous SL levels increased and the LJ angle was decreased under −N and −P. These results indicate that SL levels increased in response to nutrient deficiencies, and that elevated endogenous SLs might negatively regulate leaf angle in rice.

The chloride conductance of inner medullary collecting duct cells (mIMCD-3 cell line) has been investigated using the whole cell configuration of the patch clamp technique. Seventy-seven percent of cells were chloride selective when measured with a NaCl-rich bathing solution and a TEACl-rich pipette solution. Seventy-five percent of chloride-selective cells (90/144) had whole cell currents which exhibited an outwardly-rectifying (OR) current-voltage (I/V) relationship, while the remaining cells exhibited a linear (L) I/V relationship. The properties of the OR and L chloride currents were distinct. OR currents (mean current densities at +/- 60 mV of 66 +/- 5 pA/pF and 44 +/- 3 pA/pF), were time- and voltage-independent with an anion selectivity (from calculated permeability ratios) of SCN- (2.3), NO3- (1.8), ClO4- (1.7), Br- (1.7), I- (1.6), Cl- (1.0), HCO3- (0.5), gluconate- (0.2). Bath additions of NPPB, flufenamate, glibenclamide (all 100 microM) and DIDS (500 microM) produced varying degrees of block of OR currents with NPPB being the most potent (IC50 of approximately 50 microM) while DIDS was the least effective. Linear chloride currents had similar current densities to the OR chloride currents and were also time- and voltage-independent. The anion selectivity sequence was SCN- (2.5), NO3- (1.9), Br- (1.4), I- (1.1), Cl- (1.0), ClO4- (0.5), HCO3- (0.5), gluconate- (0.3). In contrast to the OR conductance, glibenclamide was the most potent and DIDS the least potent blocker of L currents. An IC50 of > 100 microM was observed for NPPB block. Neither OR of L chloride currents were affected by acutely or chronically increased intracellular cAMP and were not affected when intracellular Ca2+ levels were increased or decreased. The molecular identity and physiological role of OR and linear currents in mIMCD-3 cells are discussed.

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Strigolactones (SLs), a group of plant hormones, induce germination of root-parasitic plants and inhibit shoot branching in many plants. Shoot branching is an important trait that affects the number and quality of flowers and fruits. Root-parasitic plants, such as Phelipanche spp., infect tomato roots and cause economic damage in Europe and North Africa—hence why resistant tomato cultivars are needed. In this study, we found carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 8-defective mutants of Micro-Tom tomato (slccd8) by the “targeting induced local lesions in genomes” (TILLING) method. The mutants showed excess branching, which was suppressed by exogenously applied SL. Grafting shoot scions of the slccd8 mutants onto wild-type (WT) rootstocks restored normal branching in the scions. The levels of endogenous orobanchol and solanacol in WT were enough detectable, whereas that in the slccd8 mutants were below the detection limit of quantification analysis. Accordingly, root exudates of the slccd8 mutants hardly stimulated seed germination of root parasitic plants. In addition, SL deficiency did not critically affect the fruit traits of Micro-Tom. Using a rhizotron system, we also found that Phelipanche aegyptiaca infection was lower in the slccd8 mutants than in wild-type Micro-Tom because of the low germination. We propose that the slccd8 mutants might be useful as new tomato lines resistant to P. aegyptiaca.