This paper focalizes on the economic model of digital platforms as a new method of coordinating the production of value. We suggest that the advent of “platform capitalism” is symptomatic of a crisis of the model of the firm understood as a space separated from society and based on private ownership. This crisis appears, first, as an inadequacy of the instruments of theoretical economics to take the digital platform model into account, and subsequently as a crisis concerning the ownership of the means of production: ownership seems to be split into intellectual ownership (especially algorithms) and physical ownership of the means of production (which are the prerogative of the platform’s users/producers/consumers). This new proprietary model allows us to revisit the question of the ownership of the means of production and the governance of the firm itself. In this sense, we suggest that in the claims of platform cooperativism, the platform-firm no longer appears as a group of assets that are already owned, but as an institution in which ownership corresponds to governance. In other words, ownership is understood as an institutional arrangement intended to govern the resource itself, which allows us to fully rethink the ownership of the firm according to the model of “the philosophy of the commons.”
Cet article propose de traiter le discours managérial qui insiste sur l’aspect « humain » et subjectif de la relation de travail en tant que « discours en trop », c’est-à-dire, à la suite de Michel Foucault, comme discours qui vise à accompagner le sujet dans la subjectivation d’un code de conduite correspondant aux transformations postfordistes de l’organisation du travail et de l’entreprise. Dans un premier temps, nous abordons ce discours en tant que matrice du dernier grand mythe managérial de l’entreprise comme institution, unité clôturée et espace séparé du marché : la « culture d’entreprise ». Ensuite, en reconsidérant sous l’angle critique la notion managériale de « contrat psychologique », nous resituons le discours managérial dans les pratiques de démultiplication sociale de l’« esprit d’entreprise », correspondant à l’explosion de l’entreprise-institution et l’avènement de l’entreprise nœud de contrats et de compétences : c’est le royaume de l’autoentrepreneuriat en tant que forme de la subjectivité. En conclusion, à partir du cas d’étude des « coopératives d’activité et d’emploi », nous approchons la question de la résistance au discours managérial sous la forme d’une appropriation de certains « éléments de langage » de ce même discours, en le combinant dans des ensembles significatifs différents, et capable peut-être de dessiner une stratégie de subversion de l’esprit d’entreprise et de ce « moi-investisseur » qui caractérise l’entrepreneur de soi néolibéral.
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