Changing lifestyles and family structures have changed consumer domestic washing behaviour in our country, with growing use of washer‐dryers and changing detergent preferences, including use of concentrated detergents. In particular, there has also been an increase in the number of combined washer‐dryers, which both save space and reduce the housework burden. However, power consumption for drying is extremely high compared to that for washing. This study reveals the drying performance of sweat‐absorbent, quick‐drying clothing in domestic washing, and uses the life cycle assessment method to evaluate washing and drying with heat‐pump washer‐dryers compared with the conventional washer‐dryer. In this study, it was assumed that drying was used on 99 days per year, based on the mean number of 99 days per year with rainfall in Tokyo. Both types of washer‐dryer showed high CO2eq emission levels for usage, with the highest levels for power consumption during drying. Compared with the conventional washer‐dryer, the heat‐pump washer‐dryer was able to reduce CO2eq emissions significantly through power savings and used less water as well, although it did require the use of larger amounts of detergent. However, the largest portion of CO2eq emissions was attributable to the drying process, and the use of sweat‐absorbent, quick‐drying clothing enabled these emissions to be reduced by approximately 10%. The residual moisture content of clothing after washing and spin‐drying, which significantly affects the amount of CO2eq emissions generated at the drying stage, depended on spin‐drying times and the proportion of polyester fibres in the clothing.

SumnaryThe reaction of cis-and trans-but-2-ene with Similarly, sulphonation of cis-and tvn~-pent-Qene with sulphur trioxide-dioxan proceeds stereospecifically yield-sulphur trioside-diosan gave the corresponding 2,3ing cis-and trans-2,3-butanesultone, respectively, as pentanesultones. initial sulphonation products.SULPHONATION of -olefins with sulphur trioside has been extensively investigated,l but no stereochemical study on the reaction has been reported. We now report the stereochemistry of the initial products of the sulphonation reaction between cis-or trans-but-2-ene and sulphur trioxidedioxan.An equimolar amount of sulphur trioside-diosan (1 : 1) was added to cis-or trans-but-2-ene in chloroform to give the sultones (1) and (2); (1) 6 1-!5(q), 4.7--5,1(m), JAB 7.9, JBc 8.0, J m 6.0 Hz; (2) 6 1.5(q), 4.2-4.6(m), J a 6.8, These results indicate that the butane-2,3-sultones were produced stereospecifically from the corresponding but-2ene isomers. t

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It was shown with a five-membered sultone that the hydrolysis of aliphatic sultones in water proceeds substantially by BAL1-E1 mechanism, and that it is a nucleophilic substitution reaction caused by hydroxyl ion and water. We carried out a kinetic experiment on the hydrolysis of 1,4-butanesultone and ethyl ethanesulfonate, both in water and in water-acetone mixed solvent. It was found that these aliphatic sulfonate esters were hydrolyzed substantially by BAL1-E1 mechanism as in the case of a five-membered sultone, and in particular, ethyl ethanesulfonate was hydrolyzed by complete BAL1-E1 mechanism. The results seem to be justified by a tracer experiment with H218O. Namely, the ratios of the C–O fission to the S–O fission in 1,3-propanesultone and ethyl ethanesulfonate were 85.6:14.4 and 100:0, respectively. In strong alkaline solutions and approtic solvent-water systems, the SN2 reaction involving attack of the nucleophile on sulfur atom took place partly in sultones, but practically not in linear sulfonate esters. On the other hand, the ratio of relative reaction rates of a five-membered sultone, a six-membered sultone, and a linear sulfonate ester in water is 37:1:7. Since Ea is nearly the same for these three compounds, the contribution of strain in the molecular structure to the reactivity is small, and in consequence the above ratio seems to be attributed to ΔS\eweq.

Measurement of the amount of calcium present in cotton fabrics, evaluation of the individual calcium contents in the actual washing liquors for the several washing conditions and several detergency tests were conducted, to clarify how calcium existing not only in water used for washing but also in cotton fabrics to be washed does affect on detergency. Calcium content in cotton fabrics was found to range from 80 to 600mg/g fabrics. When the water hardness is low, the ratio of the calcium content in the fabrics to the total calcium content is high, so that the extent of influence caused by calcium present in the fabrics on detergency is relatively high. The detergency tests made clear that the calcium content in cotton fabrics has no influence on detergency at the higher water hardness, but it does have a negative influence at the lower water hardness.