This paper presents a comparison of the efficiency of energy storage and energy curtailment as an addition to the allocation of renewable energy in the distribution system in order to minimize development costs using a Mixed Integer-Linear Programming (MILP). Energy sources and energy storages are selected, sized and allocated under operational circumstances such as grid congestions and weather conditions. Loads and power units are modeled by daily consumption and generation profiles respectively, to reflect the intermittent character of renewable generation and consumption of energy. The optimization is carried out for a one-year time horizon using twenty-four representative days. The method is verified on three main simulation scenarios and three sub-scenarios for each of them, allowing for the comparison of the efficiency of each used tool. The main scenarios differ in their share of energy from renewable energy sources (RES) in total consumption. In the sub-scenarios, different tools (RES sizing and allocation, energy storages (ES) sizing and allocation and energy curtailment) are used. The results of this research confirm that energy curtailment is a more efficient additional tool for RES sizing and allocation than energy storages. This method can find practical application for Distribution System Operators in elaborating grid development strategies.

The paper shows a method of optimizing local initiatives in the energy sector, such as energy cooperatives and energy clusters. The aim of optimization is to determine the structure of generation sources and energy storage in order to minimize energy costs. The analysis is carried out for the time horizon of one year, with an hourly increment, taking into account various RES (wind turbines (WT), photovoltaic installations (PV), and biogas power plant (BG)) and loads (residential, commercial, and industrial). Generation sources and loads are characterized by generation/demand profiles in order to take into account their variability. The optimization was carried out taking into account the technical aspects of the operation of distribution systems, such as power flows and losses, voltage levels in nodes, and power exchange with the transmission system, and economic aspects, such as capital and fixed and variable operating costs. The method was calculated by sixteen simulation scenarios using Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP).

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In the paper, a new method of long-term planning of operation and development of the distribution system, taking into account operational aspects such as power flows, power losses, voltage levels, and energy balances, is presented. The developed method allows for the allocation and selection of the power of Renewable Energy Sources (RES), control of energy storage (ES), curtailing of RES production (EC), and the development of the distribution grid (GD). Different types of RES and loads are considered, represented by generation/demand profiles reflecting their typical operating conditions. RES allocation indicates the node in the distribution system and the power level for each type of RES that may be built. Energy storage (ES) allows generation to be transferred from the demand valley to the peak load. Curtailment of RES generation indicates the moment and level of power by which generation will be reduced, while the grid development (GD) determines between which network nodes a new power line should be built. All these activities allow to minimize the costs of planning work and development of the distribution system at a specific level of energy consumption from RES in the analyzed distribution system using a Mixed Integer-Linear Programming (MILP).